GOES-11 + GOES-13 visible images

A comparison of GOES-11 and GOES-13 visible images (above) showed that some smoke aloft (from wildfires that had been burning in parts of the northern Rocky Mountains) was drifting over the Foothills region of eastern Colorado during the morning hours on 28 August 2008. Northwesterly winds aloft were  blowing a good deal of the smoke toward the southeast, but some smoke at lower levels could be seen moving southwestward and backing up against the higher terrain (a result of  upslope winds in the wake of a cold frontal passage  on the previous day). Both the Denver, Colorado rawinsonde report and the Platteville, Colorado NOAA wind profiler data indicated the northeasterly upslope flow was restricted to the lowest 1 km or so of the atmosphere.

A similar comparison of GOES-12 and GOES-13 images during the afternoon hours (below) showed that  the low-level smoke was still backed up against the Foothills, but was also beginning to slowly drift toward the north as the boundary layer winds began to acquire more of a southerly component. Note that the surface features on the GOES-13 animations exhibit less image-to-image movement compared to both GOES-11 and GOES-12 — improvements to the GOES-13 spacecraft Image Navigation and Registration (INR) system  include the use of star trackers to provide more precise image navigation.

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GOES-12 + GOES-13 visible images

The smoke was easier to identify using 250-m resolution MODIS true color imagery from the SSEC MODIS Today site (below), and this smoke was also evident on the MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth product.

MODIS true color image

The Denver National Weather Service forecast discussion mentioned the smoke:

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DENVER CO
315 PM MDT THU AUG 28 2008

.AVIATION…VFR CONDITIONS TO CONTINUE THROUGH TONIGHT. SMOKE OVER AREA HAS BEEN CREATING SOME SLANT VISIBILITY PROBLEMS UPON APPROACH AS WELL AS TAKE OFFS…BUT NO CONCERNS WITH SURFACE VISIBILITY. IT DOESN`T APPEAR THAT SURFACE VISIBILITY WILL BE REDUCED.

While there were a couple of pilot reports of haze aloft over the region around 18:00 UTC, at altitudes of 11,500  and 14,000 feet (below), the surface visibilities only dropped to 6 miles at Boulder (KBJC) and 7 miles at Denver (KDEN)  during the afternoon hours, and remained around 10 miles at other surrounding airports.

AWIPS images of the MODIS visible channel

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McIDAS-V images of CRAS model Precipitable Water pre-forecast spin-up

MODIS instruments (see here, as well) on board NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites offer high resolution multi-banded views of the Earth’s atmosphere. Information from the channels can be used to derive total precipitable water in regions where clouds do not exist (as explained here). In the present case, MODIS TPW is compared to colocated TPW values in a CRAS model run that is centered on the direct broadcast MODIS ground station site at SSEC. Where the values differ, mixing ratios are adjusted so that the model value more closely matches the satellite-observed TPWs (Lapse rates are preserved in the adjustment). Satellite-observed TPWs are available only in clear fields of view; cloud initializations, however, are adding information where clouds are observed.

The case above (imagery produced using McIDAS-V) shows the 12-hour pre-forecast spin-up for the model with an initial time of 12:00 UTC on 25 August 2008. Six different MODIS orbits that were received at the SSEC direct broadcast ground station between 00:00 UTC and 12:00 UTC directly affect the initial model fields that are derived from GFS output. Note how the addition of MODIS data moistens the atmosphere in and around the remains of Tropical Storm Fay over the south central US, and also moistens the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean west of California.

This method is used to introduce satellite information downloaded locally into a model run; more accurate initial fields are helpful in producing a more accurate forecast. In the present case, once the more accurate initial fields are generated, the model then steps forward in time (with GFS fields used to constrain the boundaries).

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GOES-12 and GOES-13 visible images (Animated GIF)

A comparison of GOES-12 and GOES-13 visible images centered near Rolla (station identifier KVIH) in southern Missouri (above) showed that widespread river valley fog was dissipating during the morning hours on 27 August 2008. Note the improvement in image-to-image navigation on the GOES-13 data (less “wobble” of the images), due to changes in the spacecraft design on the newer GOES-13 satellite.

A comparison of GOES-11 and GOES-13 water vapor channel images (below) demonstrates the improved detection of mesoscale mountain waves over far southwestern Alberta and northwestern Montana on that same day. The spatial resolution of the GOES-13 water vapor channel is 4 km, compared to 8 km on the older GOES-11 satellite.

GOES-11 and GOES-13 water vapor images (Animated GIF)

Mountain waves seen on water vapor imagery have long been recognized as an indicator of potential clear air turbulence. There was one pilot report (PIREP) of light to moderate turbulence at an altitude of 32,000 feet near Great Falls, Montana around 17:40 UTC (below).

AWIPS image of GOES water vapor image + PIREP

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GOES-12 IR + SSM/I microwave images (Animated GIF)

Hurricane Gustav rapidly intensified into a hurricane on 26 August 2008 (less than 24 hours after the first advisory was issued). As noted by the National Hurricane Center’s Gustav discussion number 6:

HURRICANE GUSTAV DISCUSSION NUMBER   6
NWS TPC/NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER MIAMI FL   AL072008
1100 AM EDT TUE AUG 26 2008

AN AIR FORCE RECONNAISSANCE MISSION EARLY THIS MORNING FOUND PEAK FLIGHT-LEVEL WINDS OF 91 KT…AND AN SFMR SURFACE WIND OF 78 KT. THESE MEASUREMENTS SUPPORT AN INITIAL INTENSITY OF 80 KT.  A DROPSONDE RELEASED IN THE EYE OF GUSTAV DURING THE LAST AIRCRAFT PASS THROUGH THE CENTER JUST BEFORE 1200 UTC…FOUND A SURFACE PRESSURE OF 982 MB…BUT WITH 12 KT OF WIND AT THE SURFACE…SO THE MINIMUM PRESSURE HAS BEEN ESTIMATED SLIGHTLY LOWER.  THE AIRCRAFT AND EARLIER MICROWAVE SATELLITE IMAGERY INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF A VERY SMALL EYE…HOWEVER THE EYE HAS NOT YET BECOME APPARENT IN CONVENTIONAL SATELLITE IMAGERY.

A comparison of  imagery from the CIMSS Tropical Cyclones site (above) shows the shield of central dense overcast (cold cloud tops) on the GOES-12 IR image, with evidence of an eye structure showing up on the SSM/IS microwave image. 1-km resolution GOES-12 visible imagery (below) also did not display an eye with Hurricane Gustav during the morning hours.

GOES-12 visible images (Animated GIF)

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