As shown above, a widespread outbreak of severe weather occurred on 23 December – 24 December 2015 (surface analysis maps), centered on the Mississippi Valley and Ohio Valley regions of the US. There were at least 14 fatalities in Mississippi, Tennessee, and Arkansas — and storm damage surveys (NWS Memphis PNS) showed that there were two long-track tornadoes in the Mid-South region: one EF3-rated that was on the ground for 63 miles in northwestern Mississippi, and another EF4-rated that was on the ground for 75 miles from northern Mississippi to far southwestern Tennessee (below).

Daytime GOES-13 (GOES-East) Visible (0.63 µm, 1-km resolution) images on 23 December (below) showed the development of several lines of severe thunderstorms — some with bowing segments earlier in the day — with many storms exhibiting signatures of well-defined Overshooting Tops and having strong Cloud-Top Cooling rates.

Longer animations of GOES-13 Infrared (10.7 µm, 4-km resolution) and Water Vapor (6.5 µm, 4-km resolution) images that extended into the nighttime hours of the severe weather outbreak are shown below.

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The 2015 December solstice — Winter in the Northern Hemisphere, and Summer in the Southern Hemisphere — occurred at 0448 UTC on 22nd day of the month. Several hours prior to the solstice, the daylight/darkness “terminator” (tilted at 23.5º due to the inclination of the Earth’s axis) could be seen moving from east to west across North America on GOES-13 (GOES-East) Visible (0.63 µm, 1-km resolution) images (above).

The terminator was also seen on GOES-15 (GOES-West) Visible (0.63 µm, 1-km resolution) images (below), albeit a few hours later. Note that areas of northern Canada and northern Alaska remain dark during the entire day; for example, at Barrow (the northernmost city in Alaska), their polar night — the period with no sunlight — lasts about 65 days, from mid-November to late January.

For a global perspective, we can examine Himawari-8  true-color Red/Green/Blue (RGB) images (below), which cover the period before, during, and after the 0448 UTC solstice time — the animation pauses briefly on the 0450 UTC image, nearest the time of the solstice (also available as longer MP4 movie file). One feature that stands out quite prominently (due to a favorable forward scattering angle) is the dense haze covering much of the Indian subcontinent and the adjacent offshore waters. These images were generated using an update (version 2) of the Simple Hybrid Contrast Stretch (SHCS) method, which uses the AHI 0.86 µm band to “boost” the green of the 0.51 µm band, and stretches each of the 3 color components (R/G/B) on both the dark and light ends. Similar full-disk true-color images will be available every 5 minutes from the ABI instrument on GOES-R.

The Himawari-8 data was provided by JMA and acquired via NOAA/NESDIS/STAR; the SSEC Data Center served the AHI data via McIDAS ADDE, and McIDAS-X was used for the processing.

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GOES-13 nighttime “Fog/stratus product” IR brightness temperature difference (10.7 µm – 3.9 µm, 4-km resolution) and daytime Visible (0.63 µm, 1-km resolution) images (above) showed the development of lake effect cloud bands that streamed southward across North Central Texas during the pre-dawn and early morning hours on 18 December 2015. As high pressured moved southward over the region in the wake of a cold frontal passage (surface analyses), colder air with surface temperatures in the upper 20s to middle 30s F flowed over the still-warm waters of the larger reservoirs located north and east of the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex (below), creating instability which aided in the formation of the cloud bands (as seen using RealEarth).

The 1-km resolution MODIS Sea Surface Temperature product (below) indicated that lake water temperatures were still as warm as the lower to middle 50s F, with a maximum value of 57º F seen in Lake Tawakoni.

Hat tip to the NWS Fort Worth for alerting us to this interesting event via Twitter.

Notice the low clouds south of DFW this AM? We think they are a result of area lakes! #dfwwx #txwx pic.twitter.com/JPn8MffQjA

— NWS Fort Worth (@NWSFortWorth) December 18, 2015

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We received the following notification on Twitter from Walt Clark:

great meso-B MCV over Qinghai Lake in first light himawari 2230-630+Z. tough to get a good image loop of it tho. @CIMSS_Satellite

— Walt Clark (@waclark4) December 18, 2015

Good catch Walt, and thanks for the heads-up! Using the Location Search feature of RealEarth, we found that Qinghai Lake is located in central China, and Wikipedia told us it’s also the largest lake in China. (Qinghai Lake is slightly smaller than the Great Salt Lake in Utah) The mesoscale vortex can be seen over the lake on a Himawari-8 true-color Red/Green/Blue (RGB) image at 0400 UTC on 18 December 2015 (below).

Daytime Himawari-8 Visible (0.64 µm, 0.5-km resolution) images (below) showed the feature spinning cyclonically over Qinghai Lake as it slowly migrated northward.

However, we’re not certain that this was a Mesoscale Convective Vortex (MCV); while there was some convection over the mountains north of the lake during the preceding nighttime hours on 17 December which exhibited cloud-top IR brightness temperatures around -40º C (color-enhanced Himawari-8 Infrared animation), it appears more likely that this might have been a convective outflow boundary from those mountain thunderstorms which became trapped within the “bowl” of high terrain that nearly surrounds the lake. A long animation which concatenates the earlier nighttime Himawari-8 Infrared (10.4 µm, 2-km resolution) and the later daytime Himawari-8 Visible (0.64 µm, 0.5-km resolution) images is shown below. It is difficult to trace the origin of the vortex feature as being from the aforementioned convective activity.

The meso-vortex was also seen on a MODIS true-color RGB image from the Aqua satellite, which did an overpass of the region around 0642 UTC (below). While some small patches of ice did appear to be forming along the edges of Qinghai Lake, it remained predominantly ice-free (unlike the smaller and presumably more shallow Har Lake to the northwest, which looked to be totally ice-covered).

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