Numerous wildfires burning in southwestern Canada (primarily British Columbia: NOAA HMS fire/smoke product) produced large amounts of smoke, which was subsequently transported eastward across southern Canada and then southward across the Midwestern US during the 09 August – 11 August 2018 period. GOES-16 (GOES-East) Natural Color Red-Green-Blue (RGB) images from the AOS site (above) showed this smoke, portions of which were optically very thick at times (and were able to cast shadows owing to its significant vertical depth).

On 09 August the smoke was most highly concentrated over the Dakotas, as shown in a comparison of GOES-16 Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Smoke Detection, “Blue” Visible (0.47 µm) and “Red” Visible (0.64 µm) images (below). While much of the smoke was likely aloft within the middle troposphere, some had been mixed downward into the boundary layer and was restricting the surface visibility to 3-5 miles at many locations.

Note that the hazy signature of the widespread smoke was a bit more apparent in the 0.47 µm Visible imagery than the 0.64 µm Visible imagery, especially during mid-day when the sun-satellite “forward scattering angle” was at a minimum. The AOD and Smoke Detection derived products use data from Visible and Near-Infrared bands — so it they are only available during daytime hours (and only at solar zenith angles less than 60 degrees). The Smoke Detection product was more effective during times of enhanced forward scattering (early and late in the day) — but it also was susceptible to false alarms due to solar reflectance off water surfaces. Additional information on GOES-R Aerosol Detection Products in AWIPS is available here and here.

On 10 August, the smoke was most dense across the eastern Dakotas and Minnesota (below) — and once again, surface visibilities were restricted to 3-5 miles at some locations. On this day pilot reports mentioned flight visibility being restricted to 3 miles at altitudes as high as 12,000 feet.

Finally, on 11 August a north-to-south plume of particularly dense smoke drifted southward across Minnesota and Iowa, as seen in a comparison of GOES-16 Aerosol Optical Depth, “Red” Visible (0.64 µm). Near-Infrared “Cirrus” (1.37 µm) and “Clean” Infrared Window (10.3 µm) images (below). In this case the AOD values were quite high (in excess of 3.0 in northwestern Minnesota), beyond the range of values scaled for display in AWIPS — this led to the swath of black “No Data” values where the smoke was most dense. This plume of thick smoke also exhibited a signature in Near-Infrared “Cirrus” images; higher concentrations of airborne particles that are effective scatterers of light at the 1.37 µm wavelength (such as ice crystals, smoke, volcanic ash, or dust) will be detected using this imagery. Note the lack of a well defined signature on the 10.3 µm imagery — smoke is effectively transparent to radiation at these longer infrared wavelengths.

On a side note, the north-south plume of dense smoke over southcentral Canada and the Midwest US on 11 August was also very apparent from a distance of 983,269 miles (1,582,418.07 km) — 44 times the distance of the GOES-16 satellite — in EPIC Natural Color imagery from the DSCOVR satellite (below).

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 * GOES-17 images shown here are preliminary and non-operational *

GOES-15 (GOES-West), GOES-14, GOES-17 and GOES-16 (GOES-East) Shortwave Infrared (3.9 µm) images (above) showed the thermal anomaly or “hot spot” (black to yellow to red pixels) associated with the Holy Fire that was burning in southern California on 09 August 2018. This comparison demonstrates how fire detection can be affected by both satellite viewing angle and shortwave infrared detector spatial resolution (4 km at satellite sub-point for the GOES-14/15 Imager, vs 2 km for the GOES-16/17 ABI).

On the previous day, a 30-meter resolution Landsat-8 False Color Red-Green-Blue (RGB) image visualized using RealEarth (below) provided a more detailed view of the Holy Fire, showing active fires (brighter red) around the northern and eastern perimeter of the burn scar and the smoke plume that was drifting to the north and northwest.

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GOES-17 Imagery in this post is preliminary and non-operational.

GOES-16, operational as GOES-East at 75.2º W Longitude, and GOES-17, in a check-out mode at 89.5º W Longitude, viewed convection in and around Houston TX (apparent in the clear skies at the start of the animation) on 8 August 2018 (Click here for animated gif). Stereoscopic views of this convection (achieved by crossing your eyes until 3 images appears, and focusing on the image in the middle) reveal the three-dimensional nature of the convection, in particular the effects of an outflow boundary propagating northward towards Houston.

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* GOES-17 images shown here are preliminary and non-operational *

“Red” Visible (0.64 µm) images from GOES-17 and GOES-16 (above) showed the circulation and convective banding associated with Subtropical Storm Debby in the Atlantic Ocean on 07 August 2018.

Deep-layer wind shear analysis from the CIMSS Tropical Cyclones site (below) indicated that Debby was in an environment of low shear.

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