IntenseStormNet is a part of the ProbSevere portfolio; it relates ABI Channels 2 (0.64 µm) and 13 (10.3 µm) and GLM observations of Flash Extent Density (see this past blog post for more information) to the likelihood that a given satellite-detected storm is severe. (The probabilities are created from output of a Convolutional Neural Network) The product is available in a RealEarth instance at this link. The animation above shows several cells identified as most likely to support severe weather (here is the 1630 UTC Convective Outlook from SPC; much of southeastern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Alabama and the western Florida Panhandle is under an enhanced risk of Severe weather; extreme eastern Louisiana and parts of the central Gulf Coast — including New Orleans and Mobile — is under a Moderate risk). The most likely candidate is entering southwest Mississippi at 1601 UTC.

A tornado was actually reported just before the animation started, from that suspect cell, in Ville Platte LA, north-northwest of Lafayette, at 1523 UTC. What did IntenseStormNet look for that storm at that time? That’s shown below. The tornadic storm does indeed have a very high probability! Here’s the ProbSevere (version 3) image for the same time. Read-outs for the ProbSevere output are available for that particular Object Number (#706504), available at this (temporary) link and shown at the bottom. Note the strong increase in ICP before the tornadic event.

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A Journal Article on this product is available here.

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A sequence of 1-minute Mesoscale Domain Sector GOES-16 (GOES-East) images from all 16 ABI spectral bands along with Rocket Plume RGB images (above) displayed signatures of the launch of EUMETSAT MTG-I1 from the Guiana Space Centre near Kourou, French Guyana (synoptic station identifier 814030) on 13 December 2022. The Ariane-5 rocket booster’s hot thermal signature was seen in all Near-Infrared and Infrared spectral bands (03-16), while the lower-tropospheric rocket condensation cloud plume signature was seen in all 16 spectral bands (moving southeastward, immediately off the coast). Right after launch at 2030 UTC, the peak 3.9 µm infrared brightness temperature sensed by GOES-16 quickly increased from 51.2ºC in the 2030 image (GOES-16 scanned that feature at 20:30:57 UTC) to 60.8ºC in the 2031 UTC image (GOES-16 scanned that feature at 20:31:55 UTC).

Another animation of Rocket Plume RGB images — created using Geo2Grid — is shown below.

16-panel images showing all GOES-16 ABI spectral bands (below) provided another method of tracking the rocket’s condensation plume cloud southeastward motion in all 16 bands.

GOES-16 “Red” Visible (0.64 µm) images from the CSPP GeoSphere site (below) provided a closer view of the rocket’s condensation plume — its deformation in time offshore was due to changes in wind direction and/or wind speed with height. 

Plume and Hot Spot associated with today's launch of #MTGI1 captured in GOES-East 1-min imagery. Rocking animation. https://t.co/5cizeKGVIH pic.twitter.com/reVau7KdLD

— Bill Line (@bill_line) December 13, 2022

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As noted in this blog post, version 1.1 of geo2grid (available here!) includes support for reading AHI, AMI and AGRI data (in addition to ABI data) from JMA‘s Himawari-8 (and -9), KMA‘s GEOKOMPSAT-2 and CMA‘s FY4A (and FY4B), respectively. These multispectral imagers are similar — but not identical — as shown at the WMO OSCAR websites for AHI, AMI and AGRI. For example, both AHI and AMI detect energy at 510 nm (0.51 µm) that can be used to create true-color imagery. AGRI has detection at 0.47 µm and 0.65 µm only in the visible, so true color must be created using information from a near-infrared band, Band 3 on AGRI with a central wavelength at 0.825 µm (a slightly shorter wavelength than on NOAA’s GOES-R Satellites, where band 3 is at 0.86 µm). The true-color animation above, over Hainan Island and the Gulf of Tonkin, uses data from the three satellites. The ABI and AMI images look very similar; the AGRI image is a bit too brown, likely a result of atmospheric correction algorithms within geo2grid that remove the effects of scattering. The locations of clouds are somewhat different as well because of different parallax shifts from the satellites: Himawari-8 is over the Equator at 140.7^o E, GEOKOMPSAT-2 is over the Equator at 128.2^o E and FY4A is over the Equator at 104.7^o E (Hainan Island is at 110^oE).

Geo2grid can also create single channel imagery that can be color-enhanced as well. The cleanest window detection on AHI/AMI is near 10.4 µm, and near 10.8 µm on AGRI. AGRI has a nadir resolution of 4 km compared to the 2-km resolution on AMI and AHI, and that difference is stark!

The geo2grid code (and ImageMagick for annotation) is shown below. Note that the $GEO2GRID_HOME/bin/add_coastlines.sh command takes as an input a tif file, and outputs (by default) a png with a similar name.

$GEO2GRID_HOME/bin/geo2grid.sh -r agri_fy4a_l1 -w geotiff -p C13 --grids Haikou --grid-configs $GEO2GRID_HOME/Haikou.yaml -f /data-hdd/AGRI/*20221009*.HDF

$GEO2GRID_HOME/bin/geo2grid.sh -r ahi_hsd  -w geotiff -p B13 --grids Haikou --grid-configs $GEO2GRID_HOME/Haikou.yaml -f /data-hdd/AHI/*

$GEO2GRID_HOME/bin/geo2grid.sh -r ami_l1b -w geotiff -p IR105 --grids Haikou --grid-configs $GEO2GRID_HOME/Haikou.yaml -f /data-hdd/AMI/*

$GEO2GRID_HOME/bin/add_colormap.sh ../../../enhancements/IR13_AWIPSAPPROX.txt FY-4A_AGRI_C13_20221009_050004_Haikou.tif

$GEO2GRID_HOME/bin/add_colormap.sh ../../../enhancements/IR13_AWIPSAPPROX.txt GEO-KOMPSAT-2A_AMI_IR105_20221009_050031_Haikou.tif

$GEO2GRID_HOME/bin/add_colormap.sh ../../../enhancements/IR13_AWIPSAPPROX.txt HIMAWARI-8_AHI_B13_20221009_050000_Haikou.tif

$GEO2GRID_HOME/bin/add_coastlines.sh --add-coastlines --coastlines-resolution f --coastlines-level 5 --add-grid --grid-D 10.0 10.0 --grid-d 10.0 10.0 --grid-text-size 14 --add-colorbar --colorbar-text-color "black" --colorbar-title "FY4A Band 13 Clean Windown Brightness Temperature (K)" --colorbar-tick-marks 20 --colorbar-min 330 --colorbar-max 160 --colorbar-text-size 16 --colorbar-height 36 --colorbar-align bottom FY-4A_AGRI_C13_20221009_050004_Haikou.tif

$GEO2GRID_HOME/bin/add_coastlines.sh --add-coastlines --coastlines-resolution f --coastlines-level 5 --add-grid --grid-D 10.0 10.0 --grid-d 10.0 10.0 --grid-text-size 14 --add-colorbar --colorbar-text-color "black" --colorbar-title "AMI Band 13 Clean Windown Brightness Temperature (K)" --colorbar-tick-marks 20 --colorbar-min 330 --colorbar-max 160 --colorbar-text-size 16 --colorbar-height 36 --colorbar-align bottom GEO-KOMPSAT-2A_AMI_IR105_20221009_050031_Haikou.tif

$GEO2GRID_HOME/bin/add_coastlines.sh --add-coastlines --coastlines-resolution f --coastlines-level 5 --add-grid --grid-D 10.0 10.0 --grid-d 10.0 10.0 --grid-text-size 14 --add-colorbar --colorbar-text-color "black" --colorbar-title "AHI Band 13 Clean Windown Brightness Temperature (K)" --colorbar-tick-marks 20 --colorbar-min 330 --colorbar-max 160 --colorbar-text-size 16 --colorbar-height 36 --colorbar-align bottom HIMAWARI-8_AHI_B13_20221009_050000_Haikou.tif
#  The following commands are ImageMagick/Magick annotation commands
convert GEO-KOMPSAT-2A_AMI_IR105_20221009_050031_Haikou.png -gravity Northwest -fill yellow -pointsize 16 -annotate +12+16 "GEOKOMPSAT-2A Clean Window (10.3 um) 0500 UTC 9 October 2022"  GEO-KOMPSAT-2A_AMI_IR105_20221009_050031_HaikouT.png

convert GEO-KOMPSAT-2A_AMI_IR105_20221009_050031_HaikouT.png CIMSS_logo_web_multicolor_PNG_138x100.png -gravity northwest -geometry +30+30 -composite GEO-KOMPSAT-2A_AMI_IR105_20221009_050031_HaikouTL.png

convert HIMAWARI-8_AHI_B13_20221009_050000_Haikou.png     -gravity Northwest -fill yellow -pointsize 16 -annotate +12+16 "Himawari-8 Clean Window (10.3 um) 0500 UTC 9 October 2022"  HIMAWARI-8_AHI_B13_20221009_050000_HaikouT.png

convert HIMAWARI-8_AHI_B13_20221009_050000_HaikouT.png CIMSS_logo_web_multicolor_PNG_138x100.png -gravity northwest -geometry +30+30 -composite HIMAWARI-8_AHI_B13_20221009_050000_HaikouTL.png

convert FY-4A_AGRI_C13_20221009_050004_Haikou.png         -gravity Northwest -fill yellow -pointsize 16 -annotate +12+16 "FY4A Clean Window (10.8 um) 0500 UTC 9 October 2022"  FY-4A_AGRI_C13_20221009_050004_HaikouT.png

convert FY-4A_AGRI_C13_20221009_050004_HaikouT.png      CIMSS_logo_web_multicolor_PNG_138x100.png -gravity northwest -geometry +30+30 -composite FY-4A_AGRI_C13_20221009_050004_HaikouTL.png

convert -delay 200 -adjoin -loop 0 HIMAWARI-8_AHI_B13_20221009_050000_HaikouTL.png GEO-KOMPSAT-2A_AMI_IR105_20221009_050031_HaikouTL.png FY-4A_AGRI_C13_20221009_050004_HaikouTL.png AMI_AHI_AGRI_CleanWindow_20221009_050004_Haikouanim.gif

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Note: When I downloaded the FY4A data this time, I downloaded all FY4A data from 0500 UTC, including the 4-km data. When you do this, geo2grid is able to the atmospheric correction (as opposed to what occurred with this blog post). Also: there is a separate reader (agri_fy4b_l1) for AGRI data from FY4B!

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GOES-16 (GOES-East) “Red” Visible (0.64 µm) images (above) include plots of GOES-16 Derived Motion Winds (DMW) within the 775-900 hPa and the 900 hPa-Surface layers — which displayed a rapidly-intensifying area of low pressure (surface analyses) over the West Atlantic Ocean (south of Nova Scotia, Canada) on 12 December 2022. Note the area of haziness just east and southeast of the lobe of deep convection in the center of the satellite scene — this milky/hazy appearance was due to the enhanced diffuse reflection of light off very rough seas (likely accompanied by abundant sea spray) resulting from a burst of strong surface winds across that particular area. Several nearby DMW vectors within the 900 hPa-Surface layer exhibited speeds of 50 knots or higher, including 62 knots at 1446 UTC and 59 knots at 1746 UTC. In addition, GCOM-W1 AMSR2 surface winds (source) in the vicinity of the diffuse reflection signature were around 60 knots at 1813 UTC.

This region of enhanced diffuse reflection was further highlighted in GOES-16 True Color RGB images from the CSPP GeoSphere site (below).

The corresponding GOES-16 Low-level Water Vapor (7.3 µm) images (below) showed an area of orange enhancement that likely represented rapidly-descending (and hence warming/drying, via adiabatic compression) air within the lower troposphere, which was rotating around the southeastern and eastern edge of the lobe of deep convection.

A sequence of Suomi-NPP VIIRS Visible (0.64 µm), Near-Infrared “Vegetation” (0.87 µm), Near-Infrared “Snow/Ice” (1.61 µm), Shortwave Infrared (3.74 µm), Infrared Window (11.45 µm), True Color RGB and False Color RGB images — along with the corresponding GOES-16 Derived Motion Winds near that time (below) provided a more detailed view of the area of enhanced diffuse reflection. Also apparent at that time was the hook-like shape along the southeastern edge of the lobe of deep convection, somewhat resembling a “scorpion tail” that is frequently seen in cases of a sting jet (Monthly Weather Review | Wikipedia).

The aforementioned satellite signatures in this case resemble those seen with another rapidly-intensifying low off the coast of North Carolina in April 2019, which also featured a sting jet.

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