Areas of radiation fog were forming during the overnight hours in the river valleys of southwestern Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota, and northeastern Iowa. These narrow finger-like fog features were apparent on the MODIS 11-3.9 micrometer “fog/stratus product” (upper left panel) due the higher spatial resolution (1 km IR) and better spectral response of the MODIS IR channel data; on the 4 km resolution GOES-12 fog/stratus product (upper right panel), only a few isolated noise pixels showed up in that general region where river valley fog was forming. A closer view with surface observations plotted shows that a few sites were indeed reporting fog at that particular time (especially in the Wisconsin River valley).

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One of the important changes made to the GOES-N/O/P series of satellites is the addition of increased onboard battery capacity to enable the satellites to continue to provide imager and sounder data during the Spring and Fall season “eclipse periods”. During these eclipse periods (which can last 1-3 hours), the GOES satellites are in the Earth’s shadow, so their solar panels cannot provide power to all of the satellite instrument payloads.

Below is a comparison of GOES-12 and GOES-13 10.7 micrometer IR (“IR window”) data, showing convective rain bands associated with Tropical Storm Ernesto. At 04:02 UTC (below, left), one of the rain bands (with cloud top temperatures of -60 to -70 C, denoted by the red to black color enhancement) is moving inland across southeastern Georgia with light rain begining along the coast at Brunswick. However, no GOES-12 images are available between 04:15 UTC (below, right) and 06:15 UTC, a period when this particular convection was exhibiting a trend of cooling cloud top temperatures. A QuickTime animation (22 images, 5.2 MB file size) shows that GOES-13 IR data was available during this ~2 hour eclipse period, allowing the cloud top temperature trends of these convective rain bands to be monitored continuously.

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Tropcal Storm Ernesto moved inland over southern Florida this morning, and was downgraded to a Tropical Depression. The AWIPS image below shows a MODIS vs. GOES comparison of the longwave IR (“IR Window”) and shortwave IR channels around 16 UTC. Note on the 1-km resolution MODIS IR Window channel (upper left panel) the much larger circular-shaped area of colder cloud top temperatures (-75 to -80 C, gray to white enhancement) over Florida, compared to the 4-km resolution GOES-12 IR Window channel (upper right panel). Also of interest is a signature of slightly warmer cloud top temperatures (darker grey enhancement) over that same region on the MODIS shortwave IR (lower left panel) — no such signature was yet evident on the corresponding GOES-12 shortwave IR at that time (lower right panel):

This signature on the shortwave IR channel is due to the dominance of smaller cloud particles within the storm tops of the active convection (similar to what is sometimes observed with “overshooting tops” associated with severe convection) — these smaller, more numerous ice particles exhibit a larger shortwave IR albedo, which is manifest as slightly warmer shortwave IR brightness temperatures (due to enhanced solar reflectance). GOES-10 Super Rapid Scan Operations (SRSO) imagery at 1-minute intervals (IR Window | Shortwave IR | Visible) indicated that this particular burst of convection was beginning to rapidly intensify around 16 UTC; this “small ice particle signature” did eventually become obvious on the GOES-10 shortwave IR imagery, but not until around 16:11 UTC.

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The GOES-10 satellite has been placed into Super Rapid Scan Operations (SRSO) mode while the satellite is being re-positioned to support Southern Hemisphere operations this Fall. While in SRSO, the imagery is available at 1-minute intervals for certain portions of each hour. This frequent imaging schedule lets us view the evolution of cloud features on a much shorter time scale than the normal 15-minute scan interval allows.

On 29 August 2006, some interesting boundary layer roll clouds developed in the Oklahoma panhandle region — this is often a signature of strong warm air advection within the lower troposphere. Organized convection is then seen to develop near the western (upstream) edge of these cloud features.

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