1-minute Mesoscale Domain Sector GOES-16 (GOES-East) “Red” Visible (0.64 µm) images (above) include time-matched plots of SPC Storm Reports — and showed severe thunderstorms associated with the landfall of Tropical Storm Claudette (surface analyses) early in the day on 19 June 2021. Numerous pulsing overshooting tops were evident with some of these storms.

The corresponding 1-minute GOES-16 “Clean” Infrared Window (10.35 µm) images (below) displayed cloud-top infrared brightness temperatures as cold as -80ºC (violet pixels) with some of the more robust overshooting tops. On both the Visible and Infrared images, Butler County, Alabama is outlined in blue — with Interstate Highways plotted in violet. A multi-vehicle accident with 10 fatalities occurred along Interstate 65 in far northeastern Butler County around 1830 UTC (2:30 PM local time); although no severe weather was reported in Butler County, the Infrared images showed cold cloud-top brightness temperatures moving northeastward over that area during much of the morning hours, so heavy rainfall and wet roads (with some residual areas of ponding water) may have been a contributing factor to this accident. Greenville in Butler County received 1.71 inches of rainfall — but not far to the southwest, Evergreen in Conecuh County received 3.16 inches of rainfall during the landfall of Claudette.

Additional details regarding Claudette’s abundant tropical moisture and resulting heavy rainfall can be found on this blog post.

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1-minute Mesoscale Domain Sector GOES-16 (GOES-East) “Red” Visible (0.64 µm) and “Clean” Infrared Window (10.35 µm) images (above) showed the formation of Potential Tropical Cyclone 3 in the Gulf of Mexico on 17 Jun 2021. A low-level circulation could be seen near the storm center on Visible imagery, but deep convection was only occurring at some distance from the center.

Even though the tropical disturbance was forming over warm waters (SST | OHC), a plot of modest to high amounts of deep-layer wind shear from the CIMSS Tropical Cyclones site (below) indicated that the rate of intensification might be relatively slow.

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A favorable orbit geometry on NOAA-20 on 17 June 2021 meant that portions of the upper Midwest received NUCAPS soundings 90 minutes apart. This is an ideal way to monitor destabilization on a day when SPC has predicted an enhanced risk of severe weather, as shown below and at this link.

Compare the sounding at 42º N, 92º W from ~1800 UTC to the one from ~1930 UTC, below.  Destabilization is apparent;  the later profile has a lower LCL and lower LFC, and moisture has increased.

This surface plot from 2000 UTC suggests that the NUCAPS profile at ~1930 UTC has a boundary layer that is too cool and too dry.  When the sounding values are edited — the lowest 3 layers were warmed and moistened — to better match the plotted observations, the sounding CAPE increased, and the LCL/LFC dropped even farther.

The convection developed rapidly.  The every-90-minutes toggle below (GOES-16 Visible Imagery at 2000, 2130, 2300 UTC) shows that, and the Day Cloud Phase Distinction RGB at the bottom (from 1901-2356 UTC) does too.

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A low-level water vapor (GOES-16 Band 10, 7.3 µm) infrared imagery animation, below, from CSPP Geosphere (here is a link that will show the animation in CSPP GeoSphere until about the end of June), shows evidence of a northwestward-propagating gravity wave that might have initiated convection.  This feature first interacts with convection over far southeastern Iowa, and then with a southwest-to-northeast line of convection that developed.

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Mostly clear skies over the Great Lakes early in the morning on 16 June allowed the VIIRS instrument on Suomi-NPP an unobstructed view of the surface waters.  Advanced Clear-Sky Processing for Oceans (ACSPO) Lake-surface temperatures, above, show the temperature distributions in the five lakes.  The warmest region is western Lake Erie where water temperatures are already in the 70s.  Saginaw Bay in Lake Huron (and Green Bay in Lake Michigan — although clouds at this time prevented a good view) are also in the 70s.  Much of Lake Superior remains around 40 F;  Lake Michigan is unusually warm — with a large region of 60+ — following an early-season heat wave (graph from GLERL’s Lake Statistics webpage).

Clear skies continued into the afternoon of the 16th;  the true-color image, below, derived from VIIRS data from NOAA-20 shows cloud over Lake Huron and some sun glint over Lakes Michigan and Superior. A zoomed-in view of Lake Erie (link) shows remarkable detail to the water color in the lake.

Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20 VIIRS data were downloaded at the CIMSS Direct Broadcast site and processed using CSPP software. Great Lakes SST fields and VIIRS imagery over CONUS are available via LDM feed to National Weather Service Offices. True-Color imagery can be found at VIIRS Today and at the CIMSS direct broadcast ftp site.

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