CIMSS now has a real-time product designed to warn (probabilistically) against regions where Moderate Or Greater (MOG) turbulence might occur for aircraft cruising at levels between 30- and 41,000 feet, which is the standard range for commercial airliners. This product was developed using machine learning with satellite data (water vapor and infrared data) and Global Forecast System (GFS) meteorological variables as input, and is an improvement on a previous product that used only satellite data. On 22 March, an important case of prevalent turbulence occurred across the North Pacific and the coast of Alaska.  A training video on the product is available here.

The toggle above includes GOES-17 Upper-Level Water Vapor infrared imagery (6.19 µm) with and without Pilot Reports of turbulence, as well as ISIG turbulence polygons. In addition, the Turbulence Probability product is shown. The Turbulence Probability product (which uses GOES-17, GOES-16, Himawari-8, Meteosat-11 or Meteosat-8 data) is also available online here.  A screen capture from the website, shown below, shows 1450 UTC data on 22 March 2021. There are many different choices available in the drop-down menus.

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GOES-16 (GOES-East) “Red” Visible (0.64 µm) and  “Clean” Infrared Window (10.35 µm) images (above) displayed the development of a small nor’easter-type low off the coast of northeastern Florida on 20 March 2021. Onshore winds kept low clouds/fog and light precipitation along the coast for much of the day — and surface wind gusts were as high as 41 knots at Buoy 41009 just east of Cape Canaveral.

GOES-16 Visible and Infrared images on the following day (below) showed that the surface low had remained quasi-stationary as it transitioned to its occluded phase. Thunderstorm development persisted farther offshore over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream — a few overshooting tops exhibited infrared brightness temperatures of -60ºC and colder.

The prolonged period of strong winds associated with this low pressure feature induced an upwelling of cooler water, as shown in a plot of Water Temperature at Buoy 41009 (below).

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NASA conducted a SLS rocket Green Run Test at Stennis Space Center in southern Mississippi on 18 March 2021. The test began at 2037 UTC, with the engine burn lasting about 8 minutes. Signatures of the resulting condensation cloud (brighter shades of white) were evident in GOES-16 (GOES-East) ABI spectral bands 1 (0.47 µm), 2 (0.64 µm), 3 (0.86 µm), 5 (1.61 µm) and 6 (2.24 µm) (above) — and the dark shadow cast by this cloud could be seen in the band 2, 3 ad 5 images. No distinct thermal anomaly was apparent in the band 7 (3.9 µm) images.

Even though the Full Disk GOES-17 (GOES-West) scan interval was limited to every 10 minutes, a condensation cloud signature was captured on the 2040 UTC image (below).

Thanks to Todd Beltracchi (The Aerospace Corporation) for alerting us about this event.

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GOES-16 (GOES-East) Air Mass RGB images (above) showed the darker shades of red associated with dry and ozone-rich air within a lowered tropopause near the core of an upper-level low moving eastward across Oklahoma on 17 March 2021. One sequence of the Air Mass RGB images includes RAP40 model pressure contours of the PV1.5 surface (a representation of the “dynamic tropopause”), which descended to the 700 hPa pressure level — and as this Potential Vorticity (PV) anomaly propagated east toward the Lower Mississippi Valley, it helped to enhance large-scale forcing for ascent and upper-level diffluence across that region. As noted in this blog post, that morning the SPC had issued a High Risk for severe thunderstorms across parts of the Deep South.

1-minute Mesoscale Domain Sector GOES-16 “Red” Visible (0.64 µm) images (above) and “Clean” Infrared Window (10.35 µm) images (below) include time-matched plots of SPC Storm Reports that were produced by a number of supercell thunderstorms that developed and moved across across Mississippi and Alabama (where the concentration of tornadoes was highest).

In a time-matched comparison of Infrared images from Suomi NPP (overpass times) and GOES-16 (below), the coldest overshooting top infrared brightness temperatures sensed by the VIIRS instrument on Suomi NPP were about 5-7ºC colder than those from GOES. Note the small northwestward parallax displacement that is inherent with GOES-16 imagery over that region. The same color enhancement is applied to both images.

With a partial overlap of the 2 GOES-16 Mesoscale Domain Sectors, imagery was available at 30-second intervals in the vicinity of the Mississippi/Alabama border; Visible images with time-matched plots of SPC Storm Reports are shown below.

On a side note, strong winds along the rear flank of the surface low in Oklahoma lofted plumes of blowing dust across western Texas — a time-matched comparison of GOES-16 Dust RGB and Suomi NPP VIIRS True Color RGB images at 1921 UTC (below) highlighted the blowing dust features. Animations of GOES-16 Dust RGB images can be seen here: GIF | MP4.

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