CIMSS scientists have been working on an update (and improvement) on Geo2Grid software (v 1.1) that can be expected within a couple months. (Beta-testing is ongoing at CIMSS) The animation above shows the Airmass RGB from Himawari-8 (data courtesy JMA) and the Fujiwhara interaction (also discussed on the CIMSS blog here) between southern Indian Ocean tropical cyclone Vernon and invest area 93S. The animation stretches from 0000 UTC on 24 March to 0000 UTC on 28 March.

Because the animation includes data near the limb, the remapping was changed from the default. That is, the geo2grid invocation includes the following specification:

-g Fujiwhara --grid-configs $GEO2GRID_HOME/Fujiwhara.yaml --method nearest --radius-of-influence 40000

Remapping is done using a nearest-neighbor approach (the default in geo2grid when a non-native projection is used), and points within 40 km (40000 m) are considered. Note also that the full-disk AHI imagery is reprojected onto a grid named ‘Fujiwhara’; the components required by geo2grid are within the file Fujiwhara.yaml (as created by a call to the p2g_grid_helper.sh script):

./p2g_grid_helper.sh Fujiwhara 88.0 -12.0 2000 2000 1080 640 > $GEO2GRID_HOME/Fujiwhara.yaml 

---

What was the series of unix-based commands that produced the imagery above? Those are outlined below in a shell script. This uses the beta version of geo2grid v1.1; similar commands will work in v1.0. Before this shell script can be invoked, the compressed package must be expanded, creating a directory with many sub-directories, such as /bin, /share, /colormaps, /etc, and so on. This directory is the GEOGRID_HOME directory, and you can specify it, as shown below.

cd /directory/where/geo2gridpkg/sits/
export GEO2GRID_HOME=$PWD
cd bin
#
# The command below will create a grid (named 'Fujiwhara') 
#   centered at 88 E, 12 S (geo2grid assumes east/north positive)
# The grid has 2 km resolution in the x- and y- directions, and
#   its size is 1080x640 (so it's wider than it is high)
# Place the multi-line output from p2g_grid_helper.sh in the file
#   named $GEO2GRID_HOME/Fujiwhara.yaml
../p2g_grid_helper.sh Fujiwhara 88.0 -12.0 2000 2000 1080 640   > $GEO2GRID_HOME/Fujiwhara.yaml
#   
# Now, call geo2grid, reading (the -r flag) AHI HSD format files
#   Write out (the -w flag) geotiff files of (the -p flag) the product
#   airmass RGB.  Regrid (the -g flag) the data to the 'Fujiwhara' 
#   grid defined above, and tell geo2grid where the grid definitions sit
#   (the --grid-configs filename flag).  Regridding uses nearest-
#   neighbor (--method nearest) and it looks within 40000 m of each grid
#   point (--radius-of-influence 40000)  (Note that geo2grid v1.0 did
#   not include --radius-of-influence!)
##
##
../geo2grid.sh -r ahi_hsd -w geotiff -p airmass  -g Fujiwhara --grid-configs $GEO2GRID_HOME/Fujiwhara.yaml --method nearest --radius-of-influence 40000 -f /directory/holding/Himawari-8/HSDFILES/for/ONE/time/only/*FLDK*.DAT
#  The command above will create a geotiff file with a name like this:
#  HIMAWARI-8_AHI_airmass_20220223_0000??_Fujiwhara.tif
#  The command below adds coastlines (in blue) and lat/lon line 
#  (--add-grid) colored in the default (cyan).  The output is a 
#  .png
../add_coastlines.sh --add-coastlines --coastlines-resolution h --coastlines-level=5 --coastlines-outline='blue' --add-grid --grid-text-size 8 --grid-D 5.0 5.0 --grid-d 5.0 5.0    HIMAWARI-8_AHI_airmass_20220223_0000??_Fujiwhara.tif
#  I use ImageMagick commands to annotate the imagery, as shown below
convert HIMAWARI-8_AHI_airmass_20220223_0000??_Fujiwhara.png   -gravity Southwest -fill yellow -pointsize 16 -annotate +12+16 "HIMAWARI-8 AHI airmass RGB 0000 UTC 23 February 2022"  HIMAWARI-8_AHI_airmass_20220223_0000_Fujiwhara.png
#  Gotta add a logo too!
convert HIMAWARI-8_AHI_airmass_20220223_0000_Fujiwhara.png ~scottl/smalllogo.png   -gravity northwest -geometry +12+8 -composite HIMAWARI-8_AHI_airmass_20220223_0000_FujiwharaL.png

---

How does a change in –radius-of-influence affect the created image? If you’re near the limb, and the radius of influence is too small, data gaps can appear. The image below compares an image with radius of influence of 2km (the native resolution at the sub-satellite point for infrared imagery) with an image with a radius of influence of 40 km.

A Full-disk image at this time is here so you can judge how close to the edge this event it.

A non-satellite of the Fujiwhara interaction is shown below.

Two tropical systems merging via the Fujiwhara effect in the Indian Ocean.

Tropical Cyclone Vernon & Invest 93S, shown in terms of hourly 700 hPa relative vorticity in ERA5 data.

Animation made with ParaView, vorticity shown as both color shading and elevation of the surface. pic.twitter.com/REHyioXXzB

— Dr. Mathew Barlow (@MathewABarlow) March 10, 2022

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GOES-16 (GOES-East) Day Snow-Fog RGB and Nighttime Microphysics RGB images (above) showed a narrow band of clouds along the leading edge of an arctic cold front that was moving southeastward across North Dakota and Minnesota late in the day on 10 March 2022. Strong winds combined with snowfall from this narrow band produced snow squall conditions at many locations, with visibility reduced to near zero at times. The Day Snow-Fog RGB images also helped to highlight narrow bands of blowing snow behind the cold front across parts of northern North Dakota.

This event warranted the first Snow Squall Warning to be issued by the NWS Grand Forks forecast office.

A snow squall warning is in effect until 7:15 PM CST for I-29, US-2, US-81 near Grand Forks, ND–MN and US-2, US-75 near Crookston, MN. pic.twitter.com/Tbrhm963dq

— NWS Grand Forks (@NWSGrandForks) March 11, 2022

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GOES-17 (GOES-West) Mid-level Water Vapor (6.9 µm) and Air Mass RGB images — with and without contours of RAP40 model PV1.5 pressure — (above) displayed a shear vortex moving southeastward toward the coast of California on 09 March 2022. These vortices frequently perturb the local “dynamic tropopause” (represented by the PV1.5 pressure), drawing it down to lower altitudes (as was seen here and here).

A Mid Level Wind Shear product from the CIMSS Tropical Cyclones site (below) showed that this satellite feature had developed along a tight gradient of wind shear off the California coast. Occasionally such shear gradient vortices can produce turbulence that affects aircraft, as was seen in this example.

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GOES-16 (GOES-East) Shortwave Infrared (3.9 µm), Fire Temperature RGB. Fire Temperature and Fire Power products (above) displayed signatures of the large Bertha Swamp Road Fire and a smaller Adkins Avenue Fire near Panama City in the Florida Panhandle on 06 March 2022. With the Bertha Swamp Road Fire, 3.9 µm Shortwave Infrared brightness temperatures reached 138.71ºC — the saturation temperature of ABI Band 7 detectors — the derived Fire Temperature maximum value was 2287.24 K, and Fire Power values peaked at 1440 MW. The Fire Temperature and Fire Power derived products are components of the GOES Fire Detection and Characterization Algorithm FDCA.

GOES-16 True Color RGB images created using Geo2Grid (below) showed smoke-laden pyrocumulus clouds (created by the very hot Bertha Swamp Road Fire), which rose above the level of boundary layer cumulus cloud streets that were moving inland across the area.

These fires were occurring in an area affected by the landfall of Hurricane Michael in 2018 — where a large amount of downed trees (within the shades of tan to light brown shown below on 18 October 2018) still remained. Both fires were located near the center of the MODIS images.

===== 07 March Update =====

On 08 March, increasing surface wind speeds led to a consolidation of fires to form the Chipola Complex — and GOES-16 Shortwave Infrared, Fire Temperature RGB, Fire Temperature and Fire Power (above) indicated that this fire complex was centered in far southwestern Calhoun County, Florida.  Clouds often partially obscured a clear view of the entire fire, but the 3.9 µm Shortwave Infrared brightness temperatures reached 135.91ºC, the derived Fire Temperature maximum value was 1649 K, and Fire Power values peaked at 2121 MW.

GOES-16 True Color RGB images (below) again showed some pyrocumulus clouds near the fire source, with a larger smoke plume that extended well into southwestern Georgia. 

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