5-minute CONUS Sector GOES-19 (GOES-East) Infrared images displayed using RealEarth (above) showed the clusters of thunderstorms that produced up to 9.40″ of rainfall near Ingram (located between Hunt and Kerrville) in Kerr County, Texas during the 24-hour period ending at 1700 UTC on 04 July 2025. The resulting flash flooding was responsible for over 100 fatalities (including up to 84 in Kerr County, with 27 of those at the Camp Mystic summer camp just northwest of Hunt) and over 850 high-water rescues. With rainfall rates as high as 3-4″ per hour at some upstream locations, the Guadalupe River at Comfort rapidly rose to 34.76 feet.

The same sequence of 5-minute GOES-19 Infrared images is shown below — but on a map of County outlines, and including plots of the numerous Flood Advisories, Flood Warnings and Flash Flood Warnings that were issued during that 18-hour period.

An animation of the MIMIC Total Precipitable Water product (below) revealed a plume of tropical moisture that was moving northward across south-central Texas during the 02-04 July period, helping to create an environment that was favorable for thunderstorm development (a longer animation beginning on 29 June indicated that this plume of tropical moisture was likely enhanced by the remnants of Tropical Storm Barry, after it made landfall in eastern Mexico late in the day on 29 June).

The Precipitable Water (PW) value derived from rawinsonde data at Del Rio, Texas at 0000 UTC on 04 July was 2.34″ — just 0.09″ below the climatological maximum of 2.43″ for all Del Rio soundings on 04 July at 0000 UTC (below).

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At 5:04 PM local time (2104 UTC) on 1 July 2025, the newest member of the geostationary ring was launched into orbit. The MTG-I3 satellite (to be renamed Meteosat 13 upon commissioning) represents a first for EUMETSAT: a hyperspectral sounder in geostationary orbit. While EUMETSAT has long supported hyperspectral sounders in low-earth orbit with the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) aboard the MetOp series of satellites, the Meteosat Third Generation Infrared Sounder (MTG-IRS) will, for the first time, provide continuously updated hyperspectral observations over Europe.

Hyperspectral infrared observations are some of the most impactful inputs into numerical weather models as they contain information about the spatial and vertical distribution of temperature, water vapor, and clouds. Level 2 products will retrieve profiles of temperature, humidity, and other atmospheric characteristics from these spectra.

MTG-IRS promises 1960 channels across the middle and longwave portions of the infrared spectrum. While IASI observes more channels and and a broader, more continuous spectrum, the much improved temporal resolution that is possible from geostationary orbit will enable forecasters to monitor rapidly-evolving environments and scientists to unlock new understanding of key atmospheric processes. The scanning strategy for MTG-IRS involves repeating over a sequence of four local area coverage (LAC) regions. The region over Europe, LAC4, will be sampled every 30 mins, while the other regions will be sampled in small bursts separated by a few hours. For more on MTG-IRS and its scan strategy, visit the Data Guide.

The satellite also supports the Sentinel 4 mission, which will monitor trace gasses and aerosols from geostationary orbit. This will be accomplished through the Ultraviolet-Visible-Near IR (UVN) imaging spectrometer mounted aboard the satellite, which will provide approximately hourly views over Europe. More about Sentinel 4 is available here.

While many EUMETSAT launches are handled by the ESA launch facility in French Guyana (for example, MTG-I1), the launch for this payload was contracted out to Space-X and launched from the Kennedy Space Center. The same launch pad, 39A, that supported flights to the moon and numerous Space Shuttle flights was used for this trip to geostationary orbit. As is common with launches from Kennedy Space Center, this area was well-sampled by a GOES-19 mesoscale scan. The true color view from SSEC Real Earth shows the brief rocket plume that was present right after launch; it dissipated within just a few minutes.

Interestingly enough, the plume is also visible on the SO2 RGB imagery as a distinctly different color than the existing cloud coverage to the southeast. The SO2 signature is also present longer than the visible plume is. Note how there is also a brief flash of the plume in the far upper right corner of the animation right at launch time that is not present on the true color view.

The United States is hoping to launch a geostationary hyperspectral spounding satellite to cover a swath of the western hemisphere with similar capabilities as part of the GeoXO program that will replace the current generation of GOES satellites. The launch is anticipated in the early 2030s and is projected to revolutionize nowcasting, forecasting, and atmospheric science upon becoming operational.

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A major explosion at a fireworks warehouse in Esparto, California occurred late in the afternoon on 01 July 2025, injuring 2 with 7 people remaining unaccounted for (media report). The robust thermal signature of the resulting fire was detected by the Next Generation Fire System (NGFS), using both 1-minute Mesoscale Domain Sector GOES-18 (GOES-West) images (above) and 5-minute CONUS Sector GOES-19 (GOES-East) images (below). The initial GOES-18 NGFS detection occurred at 0049 UTC (5:49 PM local time), with a cursor sample indicating that the Fire Radiative Power value was 1816.57 MW.

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The areal extent of the smoke plume emanating from the post-explosion fire was shown in larger-scale views of CSPP GeoSphere True Color RGB images from GOES-18 (above) and GOES-19 (below). GOES-18 imagery revealed that two additional explosions occurred, as indicated by small bursts of pyrocumulus clouds beginning at 0142 UTC and 0201 UTC.

Thanks to Todd Beltracci, The Aerospace Corporation, for alerting us to this event.

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The EUMETSAT MTG-S1 satellite was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida at 2104 UTC on 01 July 2025 — using a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. A thermal signature of the Falcon 9 Stage 1 rocket booster (as well as the Stage 2 rocket, after separation from the booster just before 2106 UTC) were apparent in 1-minute Mesoscale Domain Sector Rocket Plume RGB images (created using Geo2Grid) from GOES-19 (GOES-East) (above) and GOES-18 (GOES-West) (below). More details about the hyperspectral sounder instrument on MTG-S1 are available in this blog post.

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In 1-minute multi-panel displays of all 16 ABI spectral bands from GOES-19/GOES-East (above) and GOES-18/GOES-West (below), a brighter thermal+reflectance signature of the Falcon 9 rocket booster was evident in all Near-Infrared bands (03-06) along with a warmer thermal signature in all Infrared bands (07-16) — most notably at 2105 UTC (GOES-19 | GOES-18), although the signature in Near-Infrared band 03 imagery was quite subtle (and located directly over a narrow low-altitude cloud feature in the GOES-18 view). The thermal signature was very prominent in the Shortwave Infrared band (07) due to its greater sensitivity to higher temperatures — as well as in the Water Vapor infrared bands (08/09/10), since the rocket exhaust plume contained a large amount of superheated water vapor.

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1-minute GOES-18 and GOES-19 True Color RGB images from the CSPP GeoSphere site (above) revealed that the Falcon 9 rocket booster condensation cloud plume quickly dissipated just off the Florida coast — due to the combination of dry air and wind shear at high altitudes (above the 300 hPa pressure level), as seen in a plot of rawinsonde data from Cocoa Beach (KXMR) (below).

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