GOES-13 10.7 µm IR images

During 01 May – 02 May 2010 the 2-day total precipitation at Nashville, Tennessee was 13.57 inches — by far the wettest 2-day period on record for that location (the old record was 6.68 inches on 13-14 September 1979, in association with Hurricane Fredrick). With 7.25 inches falling on 02 May (5.57 inches of that in just 6 hours!), this also set a record for the wettest calendar day on record. And, remarkably, only 2 days into the month May 2010 is already the wettest May on record for Nashville. An animation of 24-hour observed precipitation can be seen here.

AWIPS images of 4-km resolution GOES-13  10.7 µm IR channel data (above) showed several rounds of deep convection moving northeastward across the region during the period, with some cells exhibiting IR cloud top brightness temperatures as cold as -74º C. This convection was developing along and ahead of a slow-moving cold frontal boundary.

Images of 1-km resolution MODIS  11.0 µm IR data (below) revealed even colder cloud top IR brightness temperature values of -82º C with some of the stronger convection developing over far western Tennessee. The 1-km resolution AVHRR Cloud Top Temperature (CTT) product also indicated CTT values as low as -80º C for some of the stronger thunderstorms.

MODIS 11.0 µm IR image

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Blended Total Precipitable Water (TPW) product

However, more important than the cold convective cloud top temperatures was the plume of rich moisture that was feeding northward across the Gulf of Mexico and into the Tennessee Valley. The Blended Total Precipitable Water (TPW) product (above) showed that TPW values began to exceed 50 mm across the Lower Mississippi River Valley late in the day on 01 May, with TPW within the moisture plume reaching 75 mm over the Gulf of Mexico late in the day on 02 May. TPW values were greater than 200% of normal across most of the Mississippi and Tennessee Valleys, as well as within the northward-moving moisture plume.

With the greater areal coverage on AWIPS of the MIMIC TPW product (below), it could be seen that the plume of moisture moving meridionally (northward) across the Gulf of Mexico actually originated from the zonal band of deep moisture associated with the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) that was located between the Equator and 10º N latitude over the far eastern Pacific Ocean. MIMIC TPW values over the Gulf of Mexico became greater than 60 mm late in the day on 02 May; GOES-13 Sounder TPW values were also as high as 66 mm over the Gulf of Mexico on 02 May.

Incidentally, this case also serves as a great example of why you can’t always identify and track important TPW plumes on standard water vapor imagery — the water vapor channel is often sensing radiation from a layer that is above that of the bulk of the TPW plume (comparison of GOES water vapor image and MIMIC TPW image).

MIMIC Total Precipitable Water (TPW) product

Rawinsonde data from Nashville (below) generally revealed a very moist atmosphere throughout much of the troposphere during the period, with TPW values as high as 2.00 inches at 00 UTC on 02 May.

Nashville, Tennessee rawinsonde data

===== 03 MAY UPDATE =====

Before (29 April) and after (03 May) MODIS false color RGB images

A comparison of before (29 April 2010) and after (03 May 2010) 250-meter resolution MODIS  Red/Green/Blue (RGB) false color images (above) from the SSEC MODIS Today site shows dramatic changes in some of the smaller rivers across western and central Tennessee following the record-setting rainfall that occurred on 01-02 May. On the false color images (created using MODIS bands 7/2/1 as the R/G/B channels), water appears as darker shades of blue,  while dense vegetation appears as brighter shades of  green.

On the corresponding set of before/after MODIS true color images (created using MODIS bands 1/4/3 as the R/G/B channels), increased river water turbidity (varying shades of light brown) can be seen — a result of  high amounts of sediment transport (below).

Before (29 April) and after (03 May) MODIS true color RGB images

AWIPS images of the MODIS 0.645 µm visible channel and the 2.1 µm near-IR “snow/ice channel” data (below) demonstrate how the 2.1 µm imagery can be used to better identify flooded areas that do not show up as well on the visible channel imagery. Water (like snow and ice) is a strong absorber at the 2.1 µm wavelength, and thus appears very dark on the  “snow/ice” image.

MODIS 0.645 µm visible channel and 2.1 µm near-IR “snow/ice” channel images

CIMSS has been supplying a variety of MODIS images and products in AWIPS (some of which are displayed on this page) to a number of NWS forecast offices as a part of the GOES-R Proving Ground effort.

===== 05 MAY UPDATE =====

MODIS false color images from 03, 04, and 05 May 2010

A comparison of 250-meter resolution MODIS false color images from 03 May, 40 May, and 05 May 2010 (above) showed that while some of the smaller rivers and tributaries appeared to be receding somewhat, a number of the larger rivers did appear to remain swollen, with many areas still inundated with flood waters.

Related sites:

NWS Nashville precipitation total map
AccuWeather WeatherMatrix blog
Weather Underground blog

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MODIS true color and false color RGB images (29 April 2010)

250-meter resolution MODIS true color and false color Red/Green/Blue (RGB) images from the SSEC MODIS Today site (above) showed that the oil slick resulting from the offshore oil rig fire and collapse (following an explosion on the night of 20 April 2010) continued to get closer to the coast of Louisiana on 29 April 2010. Along the far western edge of the oil slick, a small smoke plume can be seen drifting northeastward, due to a small controlled burn (the winds were from the southwest at altitudes of about 1 km and higher).

A comparison of MODIS true color images on 21, 22, 25, 29 April, and 01 May (below) show the original smoke plume from the burning oil rig, followed by the dramatic growth and change in shape of the oil slick during that period.

MODIS true color RGB images (21, 22, 25, 29 April, and 01 May 2010)

An AWIPS image of the MODIS visible channel data with an overlay of buoy, ship, and ASCAT scatterometer winds (below) showed that southeasterly winds at the surface across the northern Gulf of Mexico were helping to move the oil slick closer to the Mississippi River Delta region of Louisiana.

MODIS visible image + surface buoy/ship data + ASCAT scatterometer winds

The POES AVHRR Sea Surface Temperature (SST) product (below) revealed that the oil slick feature continued to exhibit SST values that were several degrees F cooler (upper 60s F, green colors) than the surrounding waters (lower 70s F, yellow to orange colors) — see a previous loop of AVHRR and MODIS SST images from 25-26 April. The very warm SST values (upper 70s to low 80s F, darker red colors) associated with the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current can be seen in the lower right corner of the image.

POES AVHRR Sea Surface Temperature (SST) product

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GOES-13 0.65 µm visible channel images

McIDAS images of the GOES-13 0.65 µm visible channel data (above) showed the development of a well-defined plume of blowing dust/sand that appeared to originate from the White Sands, New Mexico area on 29 April 2010 — this plume of airborne aerosols very quickly reached the Texas/New Mexico border by about 21 UTC. Very strong winds (gusting to 50-70 mph) across the region were responsible for the widespread areas of blowing dust, which restricted surface visibilities to below 3 miles at a number of sites across New Mexico.

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First official GOES-15 10.7 µm longwave IR image (click image to enlarge)

The first official GOES-15 full disk InfraRed (IR) images became available at 17:30 UTC on 26 April 2010. The GOES-15 Imager 10.7 µm longwave IR image is shown above – similar images are available for the 0.65 µm visible channel, the 3.9 µm shortwave IR, the 6.5 µm water vapor channel, and the 13.3 µm CO2 channel.

GOES-15 was launched on 04 March 2010, with the first visible images from the Imager instrument available on 06 April and from the first visible images from the Sounder instrument on 08 April. GOES-15 will have a Post Launch Test beginning in August 2010.

GOES-15 multi-panel display of the Imager visible and IR channels

A multi-panel display showing all 5 of the  GOES-15 Imager channels is shown above. For comparison purposes, a similar multi-panel display  of all five of the GOES-13 Imager channels is shown below.

GOES-13 multi-panel display of the Imager visible and IR channels

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GOES-13 and GOES-15 10.7 µm longwave IR images

Some close-up comparisons of GOES-13 and GOES-15 IR images show similar results from the two satellites. The image above uses GOES-13 and GOES-15 10.7 µm longwave IR channel data to display a cluster of strong convection over the far eastern Gulf of Mexico, between Florida and Cuba — the coldest 10.7 µm IR brightness temperatures seen were 196.2 K (-77.0º C) on GOES-13, vs 194.9 K (-78.3º C) on GOES-15.

The image below is a comparison of the 13.3 µm CO2 channels. Note that the Field of View (FOV) of the 13.3 µm CO2 channel has improved from 8 km on GOES-13 to 4 km on GOES-15 — as a result, the edges of cloud features now appear much smoother on the GOES-15 13.3 µm image.

GOES-13 and GOES-15 13.3 µm CO2 channel images

Looking farther to the west, the image below shows the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current, using the 3.9 µm shortwave IR channel data from GOES-13 and GOES-15. AWIPS images of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) products from MODIS and AVHRR indicated that the SST values were as warm as 80º F within the Loop Current, surrounded by waters with SST values in the 70-75º F range.

GOES-13 and GOES-15 3.9 µm shortwave IR images

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GOES-13 and GOES-15 6.5 µm water vapor images

A comparison of the GOES-13 and GOES-15 6.5 µm water vapor channels (above) showed a pocket of very dry air (yellow to orange color enhancement) to the north of the aforementioned strong convection located between Florida and Cuba. This dry air was a signature of a well-defined  “jet stream break”, as verified by GFS model 250 hPa wind speed isotachs (below).

GOES-13 water vapor image + GFS 250 hPa wind speed isotachs

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