GOES-13 nighttime “Fog/stratus product” IR brightness temperature difference (10.7 µm – 3.9 µm, 4-km resolution) and daytime Visible (0.63 µm, 1-km resolution) images (above) showed the development of lake effect cloud bands that streamed southward across North Central Texas during the pre-dawn and early morning hours on 18 December 2015. As high pressured moved southward over the region in the wake of a cold frontal passage (surface analyses), colder air with surface temperatures in the upper 20s to middle 30s F flowed over the still-warm waters of the larger reservoirs located north and east of the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex (below), creating instability which aided in the formation of the cloud bands (as seen using RealEarth).

The 1-km resolution MODIS Sea Surface Temperature product (below) indicated that lake water temperatures were still as warm as the lower to middle 50s F, with a maximum value of 57º F seen in Lake Tawakoni.

Hat tip to the NWS Fort Worth for alerting us to this interesting event via Twitter.

Notice the low clouds south of DFW this AM? We think they are a result of area lakes! #dfwwx #txwx pic.twitter.com/JPn8MffQjA

— NWS Fort Worth (@NWSFortWorth) December 18, 2015

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We received the following notification on Twitter from Walt Clark:

great meso-B MCV over Qinghai Lake in first light himawari 2230-630+Z. tough to get a good image loop of it tho. @CIMSS_Satellite

— Walt Clark (@waclark4) December 18, 2015

Good catch Walt, and thanks for the heads-up! Using the Location Search feature of RealEarth, we found that Qinghai Lake is located in central China, and Wikipedia told us it’s also the largest lake in China. (Qinghai Lake is slightly smaller than the Great Salt Lake in Utah) The mesoscale vortex can be seen over the lake on a Himawari-8 true-color Red/Green/Blue (RGB) image at 0400 UTC on 18 December 2015 (below).

Daytime Himawari-8 Visible (0.64 µm, 0.5-km resolution) images (below) showed the feature spinning cyclonically over Qinghai Lake as it slowly migrated northward.

However, we’re not certain that this was a Mesoscale Convective Vortex (MCV); while there was some convection over the mountains north of the lake during the preceding nighttime hours on 17 December which exhibited cloud-top IR brightness temperatures around -40º C (color-enhanced Himawari-8 Infrared animation), it appears more likely that this might have been a convective outflow boundary from those mountain thunderstorms which became trapped within the “bowl” of high terrain that nearly surrounds the lake. A long animation which concatenates the earlier nighttime Himawari-8 Infrared (10.4 µm, 2-km resolution) and the later daytime Himawari-8 Visible (0.64 µm, 0.5-km resolution) images is shown below. It is difficult to trace the origin of the vortex feature as being from the aforementioned convective activity.

The meso-vortex was also seen on a MODIS true-color RGB image from the Aqua satellite, which did an overpass of the region around 0642 UTC (below). While some small patches of ice did appear to be forming along the edges of Qinghai Lake, it remained predominantly ice-free (unlike the smaller and presumably more shallow Har Lake to the northwest, which looked to be totally ice-covered).

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On the afternoon of 16 December 2015, a toggle between Suomi NPP VIIRS Visible (0.64 µm, 375-m resolution) and False-color Red/Green/Blue (RGB) images (above) showed areas of snow cover (shades of red on the RGB image) that remained from separate snowfall events during the 13 December – 15 December time period (24-hour snowfall maps). Snow depth on the morning of 16 December was as high as 14 inches in the Foothills of eastern Colorado, 12 inches in both southeastern Wyoming and western Nebraska, and 4 inches in southwestern Kansas.

Comparing the false-color RGB image with the visible image made it easier to unambiguously discriminate between snow cover and supercooled water droplet cloud features (which appear as shades of white on the RGB image). In addition, consecutive VIIRS RGB images (below) showed the areas where snow cover was beginning to melt during the ~102 minutes between overpasses of the Suomi NPP satellite.

A late-morning overpass of the Landsat-8 satellite provided a 30-meter resolution view (below) of the circular and rectangular irrigated agricultural fields in far southwestern Kansas and parts of the Oklahoma panhandle. In this RGB image (viewed using RealEarth), snow cover appears as cyan; in areas without snow cover, bare ground is brown and vegetation (crops) are green.

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On 15 December 2015 NOAA/NESDIS conducted a test of the new GOES-15 (GOES-West) Rapid Scan Operations (RSO) sector for coverage of the American Samoa region (SSD message). GOES-15 Visible (0.63 µm, 1-km resolution) images during the test period between 1711 and 1957 UTC are shown above, with plots of surface observations for Pago Pago (station identifier NSTU) and Faleolo (station identifier NSFA). Note that visible images from the Full Disk scan at 1800 UTC and Southern Hemisphere sectors at :22 past each hour are also included in the animation; during routine operations, there are periods when only 1 image per hour is available (from the Southern Hemisphere sector) which covers American Samoa.

The full size of the American Samoa RSO sector is shown below.

Displayed below is the American Samoa RSO sector is relation to the typical GOES-West Full Disk scan coverage.

The American Samoa RSO sector images were also successfully broadcast over the Satellite Broadcast Network (SBN) for display in AWIPS II; a sample GOES-15 Infrared (10.7 µm, 4-km resolution) image is shown below.

As a preview to the upcoming GOES-R series of satellites, we can examine JMA Himawari-8 Visible (0.64 µm, 0.5 km resolution) images for the same 3-hour time period, as seen below (sun glint over the open water is high during this time of day, due to the sun-satellite geometry of Himiwari-8 positioned at 140º East longitude). The images are available from the AHI instrument every 10 minutes, and show the development of organized clusters of convection just north and south of the larger islands of Samoa and Apia. Remote locations such as American Samoa will receive similar images every 5 minutes from the ABI instrument on GOES-R/S/T.

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