The EUMETSAT MTG-S1 satellite was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida at 2104 UTC on 01 July 2025 — using a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. A thermal signature of the Falcon 9 Stage 1 rocket booster (as well as the Stage 2 rocket, after separation from the booster just before 2106 UTC) were apparent in 1-minute Mesoscale Domain Sector Rocket Plume RGB images (created using Geo2Grid) from GOES-19 (GOES-East) (above) and GOES-18 (GOES-West) (below). More details about the hyperspectral sounder instrument on MTG-S1 are available in this blog post.

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In 1-minute multi-panel displays of all 16 ABI spectral bands from GOES-19/GOES-East (above) and GOES-18/GOES-West (below), a brighter thermal+reflectance signature of the Falcon 9 rocket booster was evident in all Near-Infrared bands (03-06) along with a warmer thermal signature in all Infrared bands (07-16) — most notably at 2105 UTC (GOES-19 | GOES-18), although the signature in Near-Infrared band 03 imagery was quite subtle (and located directly over a narrow low-altitude cloud feature in the GOES-18 view). The thermal signature was very prominent in the Shortwave Infrared band (07) due to its greater sensitivity to higher temperatures — as well as in the Water Vapor infrared bands (08/09/10), since the rocket exhaust plume contained a large amount of superheated water vapor.

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1-minute GOES-18 and GOES-19 True Color RGB images from the CSPP GeoSphere site (above) revealed that the Falcon 9 rocket booster condensation cloud plume quickly dissipated just off the Florida coast — due to the combination of dry air and wind shear at high altitudes (above the 300 hPa pressure level), as seen in a plot of rawinsonde data from Cocoa Beach (KXMR) (below).

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True Color imagery over western Japan, above, from three JPSS Satellites (from the NASA Worldview site) show a region with a hazy signature that appears to originate over Kyushu’s main cities of Kumamoto and Fukuoka. Winds at this time are relatively light, as evidenced by the NOAA-21 image, shown below, that includes a dark region within the sun glint (see this blog post for another discussion of diagnosing light winds within areas of sun glint).

Advanced Scattermeter (ASCAT) data from a fortuitous overpass from Metop-B (source), shown below, confirms the region of very light winds around Kyushu.

Aerosol Optical Depth (scaled from 0-5) computed from Suomi NPP and NOAA-20 is shown below. The haze does not appear to be from active fires based on this animation of shortwave infrared imagery from Himawari-9.

Air Quality Indices, below, (from this site), show the worst near-surface Air Quality over southern Kyushu. This is a good reminder that satellite detection of AOD views the entire atmosphere — to get the best description of Air Quality, use both surface and satellite detection.

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Editor’s Note: This is my last contribution to the CIMSS Satellite Blog, as I am retiring today after 30 years (plus 1 month, a week and a day) with the University of Wisconsin-Madison. It has been a great honor to talk about beautiful and informative satellite imagery in this space, starting in 2006 with this blog post on Parallax. I hope my writings (1) have been helpful and (2) have been accurate. It’s honestly the best job I could imagine having!

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1-minute Mesoscale Domain Sector GOES-19 (GOES-East) Infrared and Visible images (above) showed persistent deep convection (with sporadic lightning activity) near the center of circulation of Tropical Depression 2 (TD2), which developed in the Bay of Campeche (just off the coast of Mexico) around 2100 UTC on 28 June 2025. Periodic convective bursts contained overshooting tops that exhibited infrared brightness temperatures as cold as -80C (brighter white pixels embedded within darker black regions), but overall the system remained somewhat disorganized throughout the day.

A GOES-19 Visible image at 1619 UTC with an overlay of Metop-C ASCAT winds (below) depicted a surface circulation, with wind speeds in the 20-25 knot range within the southeast quadrant.

GOES-19 Infrared images with an overlay of deep-layer wind shear (below) indicated that TD2 was embedded within an environment of high wind shear, which was an unfavorable factor in terms of further intensification.

===== 29 June Update =====

By 1500 UTC on 29 June, TD2 had become better organized, and was named Tropical Storm Barry. For a short time, the partially exposed low-level circulation center was evident in 1-minute GOES-19 Visible images (above).

A DMSP-17 SSMIS Microwave image at 1301 UTC (below) showed no evidence of a closed eye structure, with only signatures of convection immediately south and east of the storm center.

As was the case during the previous day, TS Barry was still in an unfavorable environment characterized by high values of deep-layer wind shear (below).

On the other hand, the MIMIC Total Precipitable Water product (below) showed abundant moisture in the vicinity of TS Barry, which helped to sustain the development of deep convection near the storm center.

It is interesting to note that TD2 passed over a small patch of slightly warmer Sea Surface Temperature not long before intensifying to become TS Barry (below) — although it’s not clear what role (if any) this played in system intensification.

Wind Shear, Sea Surface Temperature, MIMIC TPW and DMSP Microwave images were sourced from the CIMSS Tropical Cyclones site.

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A cluster of wildfires was burning on both sides of the Northwest Territories / British Columbia border on 28 June 2025 — and 10-minute Full Disk scan GOES-18 (GOES-West) imagery (above) showed that the largest Northwest Territories wildfire produced a sizeable pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) cloud, beginning at 2230 UTC. As it drifted northward, the cold canopy of the pyroCb expanded along its west-to-east axis — exhibiting cloud-top infrared brightness temperatures in the -50s C (shades of red).

About 1.5 hours prior to pyroCb development, a NOAA-20 VIIRS True Color RGB image visualized using RealEarth (below) revealed the smoke plumes emanating from these wildfires. Significant values of Fire Radiative Power (larger, darker-red circles) were associated with the largest pyroCb-producing wildfire in the Northwest Territories.

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