A powerful winter storm produced widespread heavy snow and freezing rain across much of the central US during the 28–31 December 2006 period — total snowfall amounts included 58 inches in New Mexico, 44 inches in Colorado, 32 inches in Kansas, 16 inches in Nebraska and North Dakota, and 15 inches in South Dakota. Blizzard conditions created snow drifts up to 15 feet high in parts of the Plains. GOES-12 water vapor channel imagery from AWIPS (above | Java animation) revealed the large size of the storm as it was developing over the southern Rocky Mountains on 29 December. This storm also produced significant accumulation of ice due to freezing rain, which resulted in the loss of electrical power for tens of thousands of people in Nebraska alone; MODIS images from 31 December revealed two separate swaths of ice-covered ground in that state (from this storm and the previous winter storm earlier in the month).

In addition, this storm was responsible for an outbreak of tornadoes in Texas on 29 December (which produced 1 fatality) . GOES-12 10.7µm IR imagery (above | Java animation) showed the widespread convection that developed quickly over eastern Texas during the late morning hours — while numerous cloud top temperatures reached -60 C and colder (red enhancement), there were no enhanced-v signatures exhibited by any of these storms on the 15-minute GOES-12 images (nor on the 1-km resolution MODIS IR imagery); however, numerous cloud to ground lightning strikes were associated with this severe convection.

During the hours leading up to the development of the severe convection, AWIPS GOES sounder derived product imagery (above | Java animation) showed that a plume of total precipitable water having values of 30-45 mm (1.2-1.8 inches) was being advected north-northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico toward Texas.

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A comparison of GOES-12 and GOES-13 visible channel images (Java animation) centered over northeastern Minnesota on 25 December 2006 shows the improvement in navigation accuracy with the new GOES-13 satellite. Note how the surface features (such as frozen/snow-covered interior lakes, and the Lake Superior shoreline) appear to have significantly less image-to-image movement on GOES-13 versus GOES-12 — this is a result of changes to the GOES-13 spacecraft bus, which now has an improved Image Navigation and Registration (INR) system that uses star trackers to provide precision image navigation and registration information. This improved navigation will allow for better accuracy of satellite products such as satellite derived winds (or “atmospheric motion vectors”).
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Another item of interest which is apparent in these images is the fact that Duluth, Minnesota (KDLH) recorded it’s first Christmas Day with no snow on the ground since snowfall records began there in 1875. A MODIS true color image of Wisconsin confirms the lack of snow cover over the immediate Duluth vicinity and adjacent portions of northwestern Wisconsin — while some snow cover did exist to the north, west, and south of Duluth, even those areas generally had only 1-4 inches on the ground.

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MODIS true color imagery (above) and false color imagery (below) from 22 December 2006 reveals the widespread snow cover resulting from the major winter storm that moved across the central US on 20–21 December, creating blizzard conditions in Colorado and the adjacent High Plains states (high-resolution image centered over Denver). A Java image fader allows you to discriminate between the snow cover and the cloudiness that was present across the region. Also of interest on this day is the fact that Hudson Bay in Canada is nearly completely ice-covered (MODIS true color image | MODIS false color image | Java image fader). Freeze-up in Hudson Bay normally is completed by early to mid December (for example, see November-December 2001) — so, is this unusually late?

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GOES-10 (which is currently located at approximately 60 degrees West longitude) imager and sounder data are currently being ingested by the SSEC Data Center in support of the Earth Observation Partnership of the Americas (EOPA) project. The animated GIF of GOES-10 sounder coverage (above; Java animation) shows the 4 separate sectors that are scanned at 60 minute intervals. Examples of all 19 channels on the GOES-10 sounder are shown for sector 1, sector 2, sector 3 and sector 4. Of particular interest is the warm signature of the Andes Mountains in the sector 4 images, which is evident on the water vapor (channel 10) and CO2 absorption bands (channels 3,4,5) as well as the other IR channels.

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An animated GIF of GOES-10 imager IR window channel images (below) shows the larger areal coverage and improved temporal resolution of the GOES-10 imager (Java animation), which has 1 visible and 4 IR channels. These GOES-10 imager and sounder images are shown in their native satellite projections (no remapping has been done).

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