{"id":67010,"date":"2025-10-01T23:59:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T23:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/?p=67010"},"modified":"2025-10-03T17:46:52","modified_gmt":"2025-10-03T17:46:52","slug":"hurricane-imelda-passes-over-bermuda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/archives\/67010","title":{"rendered":"Category 2 Hurricane Imelda passes over Bermuda"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div style=\"width: 2982px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/10\/251001_goes19_visible_infrared_glmFlashPoints_Imelda.mp4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/10\/251001_2100utc_g19_vis_ir_Imelda.png\" width=\"2972\" height=\"1718\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">1-minute GOES-19 Visible and Infrared images with plots of 1-minute GOES-19 GLM Flash Points, from 1200-2100 UTC on 01 October; hourly METAR surface reports from Bermuda are plotted in cyan [click to play MP4 animation]<\/p><\/div>1-minute Mesoscale Domain Sector GOES-19 <em>(GOES-East)<\/em>\u00a0Visible and Infrared images <em><strong>(above)<\/strong><\/em> showed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhc.noaa.gov\/archive\/2025\/IMELDA.shtml?\"><strong>Hurricane Imelda<\/strong><\/a> as it intensified from a Category 1 to a Category 2 storm (at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhc.noaa.gov\/archive\/2025\/al09\/al092025.public_a.020.shtml\"><strong>1800 UTC<\/strong><\/a>) while approaching Bermuda on 01 October 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goes-r.gov\/spacesegment\/glm.html\"><strong>GLM<\/strong><\/a> Flash Points revealed very little satellite-detected lightning activity within the eyewall of Imelda.<\/p>\n<p>About an hour prior to the beginning of the GOES-19 Visible\/Infrared image animation above, a DMSP-17 SSMIS Microwave image at 1057 UTC <em><strong>(below)<\/strong><\/em> depicted the eye and eyewall of Imelda.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 1062px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/10\/251001_1057utc_dmsp17_ssmis_microwave_Imelda.gif\" width=\"1052\" height=\"601\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">DMSP-17 SSMIS Microwave image at 1057 UTC on 01 October<\/p><\/div>\n<p>After sunset, 1-minute GOES-19 Infrared images <em><strong>(below)<\/strong><\/em> showed Imelda as it moved across the island of Bermuda. The strongest wind gust at Bermuda\/Wade International Airport (TXKF) was on the back side of Imelda, with 49 kts occurring at <a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/10\/251002_0400utc_g19_ir_Imelda.png\"><strong>0400 UTC<\/strong><\/a>. Soon after the core of Imelda passed over Bermuda, a series of convective bursts exhibited cloud-top infrared brightness temperatures as cold as -87\u00baC. Interestingly, brief clusters of GLM Flash Points were associated with some of these convective bursts northeast of Bermuda &#8212; until that point, there was a general void of lighting activity with Imelda after sunset.<\/p>\n<p><div style=\"width: 2982px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/10\/251001_goes19_infrared_Imelda.mp4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/10\/251002_0400utc_g19_ir_Imelda.png\" width=\"2972\" height=\"1662\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">1-minute GOES-19 Infrared images, from 2200 UTC on 01 October to 0500 UTC on 02 October [click to play MP4 animation]<\/p><\/div>According to a plot of rawinsonde data from Bermuda International Airport <em><strong>(below)<\/strong><\/em>, the coldest cloud-top infrared brightness temperature of -87\u00baC corresponded to an overshoot of the Most Unstable (MU) air parcel&#8217;s Equilibrium Level (EL) of at least 1 km.<\/p>\n<p><div style=\"width: 2982px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/10\/251002_0000utc_txkf_raob.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/10\/251002_0000utc_txkf_raob.png\" width=\"2972\" height=\"1662\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plot of rawinsonde data from Bermuda International Airport at 0000 UTC on 02 October [click to enlarge]<\/p><\/div>Category 2 Imelda moved across a patch of warmer Sea Surface Temperature and higher Ocean Heat Content as it approached Bermuda <em><strong>(below)<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0&#8212; that warmer water could have played a role in fueling the development of the aforementioned convective bursts (with lighting activity) seen in GOES-19 Infrared imagery.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 1063px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/10\/251002_seaSurfaceTemperature_oceanHeatContent_Imelda_anim.gif\" width=\"1053\" height=\"699\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sea Surface Temperature and Ocean Heat Content along the track of Hurricane Imelda<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1-minute Mesoscale Domain Sector GOES-19 (GOES-East)\u00a0Visible and Infrared images (above) showed Hurricane Imelda as it intensified from a Category 1 to a Category 2 storm (at 1800 UTC) while approaching Bermuda on 01 October 2025. GLM Flash Points revealed very little satellite-detected lightning activity within the eyewall of Imelda. About an hour prior to the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":67043,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[56,76,159,30,79,2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-67010","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dmsp","category-glm","category-goes-19","category-lightning","category-microwave","category-tropical-cyclones"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67010","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=67010"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67010\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":67066,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67010\/revisions\/67066"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/67043"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67010"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=67010"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=67010"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}