{"id":62635,"date":"2025-01-19T18:59:00","date_gmt":"2025-01-19T18:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/?p=62635"},"modified":"2025-01-20T19:54:26","modified_gmt":"2025-01-20T19:54:26","slug":"cold-dry-arctic-air-mass-over-central-south-dakota-with-some-lake-effect-snow","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/archives\/62635","title":{"rendered":"Cold\/dry arctic air mass over South Dakota (with some lake effect snow)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div style=\"width: 2720px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/01\/250119_g16_wv_ir_Lake_Oahe_les.mp4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/01\/250119_1251utc_g16_wv_ir_SD_les.png\" width=\"2710\" height=\"1674\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">GOES-16 Mid-level Water Vapor (6.9 \u00b5m, top). Low-level Water Vapor (7.3 \u00b5m, middle) and Clean Window Infrared (10.3 \u00b5m, bottom) images from 0001-1801 UTC on 19th January [click to play MP4 animation]<\/p><\/div>Thermal signatures of the still-unfrozen water of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lake_Oahe\"><strong>Lake Oahe<\/strong><\/a> reservoir (along the Missouri River, in central South Dakota) were evident in GOES-16 <em>(GOES-East)<\/em> Infrared, Low-level Water Vapor and Mid-level Water Vapor images on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov\/dailywxmap\/index_20250119.html\"><strong>19th January 2025<\/strong><\/a> <em><strong>(above)<\/strong><\/em>. As a result of cold arctic air (morning low temperatures across western\/central SD were generally in the -10 to -20F range) flowing across the open water of Lake Oahe, there were also 2 brief periods of light lake effect snow at Pierre (KPIR), each which reduced the surface visibility to 2.5 miles <em><strong>(below)<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><div style=\"width: 1290px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/01\/250119_KPIR_SFCMG.GIF\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/01\/250119_KPIR_SFCMG.GIF\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plot of surface observation data from Pierre, South Dakota from 1100-1700 UTC on 19th January [click to enlarge]<\/p><\/div>With a cold\/dry arctic air mass in place over the region, the GOES-16 Mid-level Water Vapor (Band 09) and Low-level Water Vapor (Band 10) <a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/goes-wf\/plot-viewer\/#\/\"><strong>weighting functions<\/strong><\/a> peaked at lower than normal altitudes <em><strong>(below)<\/strong><\/em> &#8212; with significant amounts of radiation from the surface reaching the satellite detectors (thereby enabling a signature of Lake Oahe in the Water Vapor imagery).<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 3226px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/01\/250119_1200utc_kunr_wv_wf.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/01\/250119_1200utc_kunr_wv_wf.png\" width=\"3216\" height=\"2080\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plot of Weighting Functions for GOES-16 Water Vapor Bands 09 (cyan) and 10 (brown), calculated using 1200 UTC rawinsonde data from Rapid City, South Dakota on 19th January [click to enlarge]<\/p><\/div>\n<p><div style=\"width: 3226px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/01\/250119_1200utc_kunr_raob.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/01\/250119_1200utc_kunr_raob.png\" width=\"3216\" height=\"2080\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plot of rawinsonde data from Rapid City at 1200 UTC on 19th January [click to enlarge]<\/p><\/div>In fact, the Total Precipitable Water value derived from 1200 UTC Rapid City rawinsonde data (0.03 in) <em><strong>(above)<\/strong><\/em> was a record low value for 1200 UTC soundings on 19 January <em><strong>(below)<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 3226px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/01\/250119_1200utc_kunr_sounding_climatology_tpw.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/images\/2025\/01\/250119_1200utc_kunr_sounding_climatology_tpw.png\" width=\"3216\" height=\"2080\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rapid City rawinsonde climatology of Total Precipitable Water for all 1200 UTC soundings on 19th January [click to enlarge]<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Thermal signatures of the still-unfrozen water of Lake Oahe reservoir (along the Missouri River, in central South Dakota) were evident in GOES-16 (GOES-East) Infrared, Low-level Water Vapor and Mid-level Water Vapor images on 19th January 2025 (above). As a result of cold arctic air (morning low temperatures across western\/central SD were generally in the -10 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":62637,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[74,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-62635","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-goes-16","category-winter-weather"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62635","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62635"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62635\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":62646,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62635\/revisions\/62646"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62637"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62635"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=62635"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=62635"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}