{"id":31518,"date":"2019-01-30T17:56:31","date_gmt":"2019-01-30T17:56:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/?p=31518"},"modified":"2022-12-31T01:04:46","modified_gmt":"2022-12-31T01:04:46","slug":"historic-cold-weather-outbreak-over-the-upper-midwest-and-great-lakes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/archives\/31518","title":{"rendered":"Cold weather outbreak across the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div style=\"width: 654px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"thumbnail\" href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190128_190130_goes16_airmassRGB_North_America_anim.mp4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/20190130120033_namer.jpg\" alt=\"GOES-16 Air Mass RGB images, 28-30 January [click to play MP4 animation]\" width=\"644\" height=\"537\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">GOES-16 Air Mass RGB images, 28-30 January [click to play MP4 animation]<\/p><\/div>A highly-amplified upper air and jet stream pattern allowed a lobe of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/amysterling\/2019\/01\/30\/visualizing-a-polar-vortex\/?utm_source=TWITTER&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_content=2114455376&amp;utm_campaign=sprinklrForbesScience#4a8d32492735\"><strong>polar vortex<\/strong><\/a> to migrate southward across southern Canada and the north-central US &#8212; leading to an outbreak of arctic air throughout the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes during the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov\/dailywxmap\/index_20190129.html\"><strong>29 January<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov\/dailywxmap\/index_20190130.html\"><strong>30 January 2019<\/strong><\/a> period. The path and expansion of the cold arctic air was apparent in GOES-16 <em>(GOES-East)<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/rammb.cira.colostate.edu\/training\/visit\/quick_guides\/QuickGuide_GOESR_AirMassRGB_final.pdf\"><strong>Air Mass RGB<\/strong><\/a> images from the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aos.wisc.edu\/weather\/wx_obs\/GOES16.html\"><strong>AOS<\/strong><\/a> site<em><strong> (above)<\/strong><\/em> &#8212; which first became evident over the Canadian arctic beginning on <a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/20190128000033_namer.jpg\"><strong>28 January<\/strong><\/a>. The coldest air exhibited pale shades of yellow to beige in the Air Mass RGB images.<\/p>\n<p><center><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">&#8220;It Came from Nunavut&#8221;<br \/>\nIt sounds like the title of a good movie to describe this cold weather. Have you been wondering where this system came from? The upper-level low pressure system dived down from northwest Nunavut, in far northern Canada, to Minnesota. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/GZSMCcO1eR\">pic.twitter.com\/GZSMCcO1eR<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2014 NWS Duluth (@NWSduluth) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/NWSduluth\/status\/1090668955566596098?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">January 30, 2019<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p><\/center><br \/>\nGOES-16 &#8220;Clean&#8221; Infrared Window (<a href=\"http:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/goes\/OCLOFactSheetPDFs\/ABIQuickGuide_Band13.pdf\"><strong>10.3 \u00b5m<\/strong><\/a>) images <em><strong>(below)<\/strong><\/em> also showed the southward expansion of arctic air into the north-central US &#8212; surface infrared brightness temperatures of -30 to -40\u00baC <em>(darker blue to green enhancement)<\/em> covered a large area. Such cold infrared brightness temperatures are normally associated with clouds in the middle to upper troposphere. Surface air temperatures of -20 to -40\u00baF were widespread, along with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/brianbrettschneider\/2019\/02\/03\/lowest-wind-chills-during-january-2019-polar-vortex-event\/#510418da7d5e\"><strong>wind chill<\/strong><\/a> values of -40 to -70\u00baF, leading to numerous school and business closures. Two of the coldest official temperatures in the US on the morning of 30 January were -48\u00baF at Norris Camp, Minnesota and -44\u00baF at Bottineau, North Dakota (the high temperature in Bottineau on the previous day, 29 January, was only -26\u00baF); however, there were a few North Dakota Department of Transportation roadside sensors that reported low temperatures of -49\u00baF.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 651px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"thumbnail\" href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190128_190130_goes16_infrared_anim.mp4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/G16_IR_CANADA_US_POLAR_VORTEX_28_30JAN2019_2019030_120033_GOES-16_0001PANEL.GIF\" alt=\"GOES-16 \" width=\"641\" height=\"481\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">GOES-16 &#8220;Clean&#8221; Infrared Window <em>(10.3 \u00b5m)<\/em> images, 28-30 January [click to play MP4 animation]<\/p><\/div>\n<p><center><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">More than 130 hourly observation stations across the Upper Midwest recorded a wind chill of -50\u00b0F or colder overnight into this morning. Here are some select station minimums from across the region. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/A7FXAKdP8y\">pic.twitter.com\/A7FXAKdP8y<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2014 MRCC (@MidwestClimate) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/MidwestClimate\/status\/1090725474022633472?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">January 30, 2019<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p><\/center><br \/>\nGOES-16 True Color RGB images <em><strong>(below)<\/strong><\/em> revealed a variety of multiple-band and single-band lake effect snow features as the arctic air moved across the Great Lakes. In addition, elongated and long-lived cloud bands created snow squall conditions across parts of Ohio and Pennsylvania.<\/p>\n<p><div style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"thumbnail\" href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190130_goes16_truecolor_Great_Lakes_anim.mp4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/201901301802_gtlakes.jpg\" alt=\"GOES-16 True Color images [click to play MP4 animation]\" width=\"640\" height=\"381\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">GOES-16 True Color images [click to play MP4 animation]<\/p><\/div>VIIRS True Color RGB and Infrared Window (11.45 \u00b5m) images from NOAA-20 (at 1802 UTC) and Suomi NPP (at 1852 UTC) viewed using <a href=\"http:\/\/realearth.ssec.wisc.edu\"><strong>RealEarth<\/strong><\/a> <em><strong>(below)<\/strong><\/em> provided a closer look at the cloud bands across Ohio and Pennsylvania.<\/p>\n<p><div style=\"width: 651px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190130_18utc_noaa20_suomiNPP_viirs_OH_PA_snow_squalls_anim.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190130_18utc_noaa20_suomiNPP_viirs_OH_PA_snow_squalls_anim.gif\" alt=\"True Color RGB and Infrared Window (11.45 \u00b5m) images from NOAA-20 (at 1802 UTC) and Suomi NPP (at 1852 UTC) [click to enlarge]\" width=\"641\" height=\"362\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">VIIRS True Color RGB and Infrared Window <em>(11.45 \u00b5m)<\/em> images from NOAA-20 (at 1802 UTC) and Suomi NPP (at 1852 UTC) [click to enlarge]<\/p><\/div><br \/>\n<center><br \/>\n=======================================================<\/center><center><\/center><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_31556\" style=\"width: 635px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/G16TPW-20190130_120215.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31556\" class=\"wp-image-31556\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/G16TPW-20190130_120215.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/G16TPW-20190130_120215.png 1198w, https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/G16TPW-20190130_120215-300x239.png 300w, https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/G16TPW-20190130_120215-768x611.png 768w, https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/G16TPW-20190130_120215-1024x815.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31556\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">GOES-16 Clear-sky Total Precipitable Water, 1202 UTC on 30 January 2019 (Click to enlarge)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In addition to being extremely cold, the airmass over the Upper Midwest was extremely dry. The image above shows the Baseline GOES-R Total Precipitable Water product. The default AWIPS color enhancement has been modified to better capture the extreme dryness. Regions in light blue over western Minnesota and the eastern Dakotas curving through Iowa into northern Illinois show TPW values around 0.01&#8243; ; green shadings over Wisconsin and eastern Minnesota correspond to values closer to 0.03&#8243;. In such dry airmasses, it is possible to see surface features in the infrared 7.3 low-level ABI Water Vapor Channel, Band 10, and the morning of 30 January was no exception, below. Surface features like rivers are notable in Illinois, for example. Even the heat island of the Minneapolis\/St. Paul is apparent (albeit barely).\u00a0 Surface features over northern Minnesota and Wisconsin aren&#8217;t quite so apparent, perhaps because of the increased amounts of moisture there.\u00a0 There is likely less surface temperature contrast there, also, as rivers\/lakes are more likely frozen.\u00a0 It is the temperature contrast &#8212; as best exemplified by the Great Lakes shorelines &#8212; that allows features to appear in the Water Vapor imagery.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_31554\" style=\"width: 635px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/G16ABIBand10-20190130_120215.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31554\" class=\"wp-image-31554\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/G16ABIBand10-20190130_120215.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/G16ABIBand10-20190130_120215.png 1198w, https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/G16ABIBand10-20190130_120215-300x239.png 300w, https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/G16ABIBand10-20190130_120215-768x611.png 768w, https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/G16ABIBand10-20190130_120215-1024x815.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31554\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">GOES-16 Low-Level Water Vapor Infrared (7.3 \u00b5m) Imagery, 1202 UTC on 30 January 2019 (Click to enlarge)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Weighting Functions (in real time, <a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/goes\/wf\">from this site<\/a>) allow for an estimate of where information in different water vapor channels will be detected by the satellite. In the 0000 UTC 30 January 2019 example, below, from Chanhassen, MN (when total precipitable water there was 0.01&#8243;), a large signal is apparent from the low-level water vapor channel (7.3 \u00b5m); in fact, most of the information detected by the satellite was coming from the surface!\u00a0 Even the mid-level water vapor (6.9 \u00b5m) had a component from the surface.\u00a0 Weighting Functions for Davenport Iowa (The axis of the driest air shifted from near Chanhassen at 0000 UTC to near Davenport at 1200 UTC) at <a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/DavenportWF_0000UTC_30Jan.gif\">0000 UTC<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/DavenportWF_1200UTC_30Jan.gif\">1200 UTC<\/a> are shown <a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/DavenportWF_0000_1200_30Jan_toggle.gif\">here<\/a>; Note in the toggle that the level from which information is received by the satellite drops from 0000 to 1200 UTC as dry air moves in.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_31553\" style=\"width: 490px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/ChanhassenWF_0000UTC_30Jan.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31553\" class=\"wp-image-31553\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/ChanhassenWF_0000UTC_30Jan.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"496\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31553\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clear-sky Weighting Function from Chanhassen MN, 0000 UTC on 30 January 2019 (Click to enlarge)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The GOES-16 Baseline Land Surface Temperature product, below, from 1200 UTC, shows many values at\/below -45 F (purple shading) over Minnesota.\u00a0 Dark blue values are around -25 F.\u00a0 Note the relatively warm region over western Iowa, in cyan.\u00a0 That part of Iowa lacks snowcover and exceptional cold rarely happens over bare ground.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_31555\" style=\"width: 635px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/LST-20190130_120215.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31555\" class=\"wp-image-31555\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/LST-20190130_120215.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/LST-20190130_120215.png 1198w, https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/LST-20190130_120215-300x239.png 300w, https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/LST-20190130_120215-768x611.png 768w, https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/LST-20190130_120215-1024x815.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31555\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">GOES-16 Baseline Land Surface Temperature, 1202 UTC on 30 January 2019 (Click to enlarge)<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>===== 31 January Update =====<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><div style=\"width: 649px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"thumbnail\" href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190131_goes16_infrared_MN_WI_anim.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/g16_ir_mn_wi-20190131_130214.png\" alt=\"GOES-16 \" width=\"639\" height=\"366\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">GOES-16 &#8220;Clean&#8221; Infrared Window <em>(10.3 \u00b5m)<\/em> images, with and without plots of hourly surface observations [click to play animation | <a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190131_goes16_infrared_MN_WI_anim.mp4\"><strong>MP4<\/strong><\/a>]<\/p><\/div>Across much of the Upper Midwest, the coldest temperatures occurred on the morning of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov\/dailywxmap\/index_20190131.html\"><strong>31 January<\/strong><\/a>. GOES-16 Infrared images <em><strong>(above)<\/strong><\/em> showed much of northeastern Minnesota and far northwestern Wisconsin &#8212; the low temperature of -56\u00baF at Cotton was only 4 degrees warmer than the all-time record low for Minnesota, and the low temperature of -47\u00baF at Butternut was 8 degrees warmer than the all-time record\u00a0 low for Wisconsin (both of those state records were set in early February 1996). The -56\u00baF in Cotton was not only the coldest temperature in the Lower 48 states on 31 January, but was also significantly colder than any official reporting station in <a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190131_pafg_rtp.text\"><strong>Alaska<\/strong><\/a> that day. Also of interest in northeastern Minnesota, note the warmer plumes <em>(darker blue enhancement; brighter greens are coldest)<\/em> coming from power plants and industrial sites in the Iron Range area.<\/p>\n<p>Farther to the south, GOES-16 Infrared images covering the Minnesota\/Wisconsin\/Iowa\/Illinois region <em><strong>(below)<\/strong><\/em> also showed widespread cold surface brightness temperatures <em>(shades of green)<\/em>. All-time record low temperatures were set at Cedar Rapids in Iowa (-30\u00baF) and at Moline (-33\u00baF) and Rockford (-31\u00baF) in Illinois. The cooperative observer at Mt. Carroll in northwestern Illinois reported a low of -38\u00baF &#8212; this was <a href=\"https:\/\/stateclimatologist.web.illinois.edu\/2019\/03\/06\/il\/\"><strong>certified<\/strong><\/a> as a new all-time record minimum temperature for the state of Illinois.<\/p>\n<p><div style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"thumbnail\" href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190131_goes16_infrared_WI_IA_IL_anim.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/g16_ir_wi_ia_il-20190131_130214.png\" alt=\"GOES-16 &quot;Clean&quot; Infrared Window (10.3 \u00b5m) images, with plots of hourly surface observations [click to play animation | MP4]\" width=\"640\" height=\"367\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">GOES-16 &#8220;Clean&#8221; Infrared Window <em>(10.3 \u00b5m)<\/em> images, with plots of hourly surface observations [click to play animation | <a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190131_goes16_infrared_WI_IA_IL_anim.mp4\"><strong>MP4<\/strong><\/a>]<\/p><\/div>The recent stretch of days with cold air in place had helped the ice coverage to increase significantly in western Lake Superior &#8212; and the transition from northerly\/northwesterly cold air advection to southwesterly warm air advection at the surface began to fracture a lot of this newly-formed lake ice <em><strong>(below)<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><div style=\"width: 652px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"thumbnail\" href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190131_goes16_visible_Lake_Superior_ice_anim.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/g16_vis_lake_superior-20190131_180214.png\" alt=\"GOES-16 \" width=\"642\" height=\"368\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">GOES-16 &#8220;Red&#8221; Visible<em> (0.64 \u00b5m)<\/em> images, with plots of hourly surface reports [click to play animation | <a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190131_goes16_visible_Lake_Superior_ice_anim.mp4\"><strong>MP4<\/strong><\/a>]<\/p><\/div>Ice coverage had also increased across much of western\/central Lake Erie, although areas of open water continued to supply latent heat to help generate lake effect snow bands <em><strong>(below)<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><div style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"thumbnail\" href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190131_goes16_visible_Lake_Erie_ice_anim.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/g16_vis_lake_erie-20190131_180214.png\" alt=\"GOES-16 &quot;Red&quot; Visible (0.64 \u00b5m) images, with plots of hourly surface reports [click to play animation | MP4]\" width=\"640\" height=\"367\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">GOES-16 &#8220;Red&#8221; Visible <em>(0.64 \u00b5m)<\/em> images, with plots of hourly surface reports [click to play animation | <a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190131_goes16_visible_Lake_Erie_ice_anim.mp4\"><strong>MP4<\/strong><\/a>]<\/p><\/div>A sequence of Terra MODIS True Color RGB images <em><strong>(below)<\/strong><\/em> showed substantial growth of nearshore ice in the southern end of Lake Michigan from 29 to 31 January.<\/p>\n<p><div style=\"width: 649px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190129_190131_terra_modis_truecolor_Chicago_anim.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/01\/190129_190131_terra_modis_truecolor_Chicago_anim.gif\" alt=\"Terra MODIS True Color RGB images [click to enlarge]\" width=\"639\" height=\"493\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terra MODIS True Color RGB images [click to enlarge]<\/p><\/div>.A summary of this cold outbreak was compiled by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/dlh\/\/January2019Cold\"><strong>NWS Duluth<\/strong><\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/arx\/jan3019\">NWS La Crosse<\/a><\/strong>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/mpx\/ColdestTempsandWindChills\">NWS Twin Cities<\/a><\/strong> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/fgf\/2019_01_29-31_ExtremeCold\">NWS Grand Forks<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A highly-amplified upper air and jet stream pattern allowed a lobe of the polar vortex to migrate southward across southern Canada and the north-central US &#8212; leading to an outbreak of arctic air throughout the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes during the 29 January &#8211; 30 January 2019 period. The path and expansion of the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":31528,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[74,12,78,53,45,49,71,48,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31518","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-goes-16","category-modis","category-noaa-20","category-real-earth","category-redgreenblue-rgb-images","category-suomi_npp","category-terra","category-viirs","category-winter-weather"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31518","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31518"}],"version-history":[{"count":46,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31518\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49642,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31518\/revisions\/49642"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31528"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31518"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31518"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/satellite-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31518"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}