MTSAT-1R visible images

One of the worst dust storms in the past 70 years swept across a large part of eastern Australia on 22 September – 23 September 2009 (Daily Mail Online photos). A sequence of MTSAT-1R visible images (above) showed the progression of the large dust cloud as it moved eastward during the daylight hours. Note the appearance of “lee waves” along the top of the dust cloud, as the strong winds interacted with the high terrain of the Great Dividing Range. An undular bore could also be seen forming out ahead of the cold front, over the offshore waters of the South Pacific Ocean.

The surface meteorogram for Brisbane, Australia (station identifier YBBN) is shown below; note that the surface visibility dropped to 0.2 km (0.1 mile) as the cold front passed, and following the frontal passage the dew point dropped from +16º C (61º F) to -16º C (+3º F).

Brisbane, Australia surface meteorogram

A larger-scale view of the dust cloud feature could be seen using MODIS true color imagery from the NASA MODIS Rapid Response site (below, viewed using Google Maps). See also the NASA  MODIS Image of the Day.

MODIS true color image

Night-time MTSAT-1R 3.75 µm shortwave IR image (14:30 UTC)

A curious image artifact was noted on MTSAT-1R 3.75 µm shortwave IR imagery, in the form of a very cold “false eye” appearing  just to the right of the actual eye of Typhoon Choi-Wan (17W) in the western North Pacific Ocean . The “ghost” of the eye exhibited a satellite radiance of zero (very cold, appearing bright white on the image), and was offset from the true eye by 16 pixels in the horizontal and 1-2 pixels in the vertical. This false eye was most apparent on MTSAT-1R imagery during the local night-time hours, as was seen on 16 September 2009 at 14:30 UTC (above) and 15:30 UTC (below).

Night-time MTSAT-1R 3.75 µm shortwave IR image (15:30 UTC)

This false eye artifact was also evident during local daytime hours, but the “ghost” did not exhibit zero radiance — the feature could be seen better on the shortwave IR imagery once a contrast stretch  enhancement was applied (below). The offsets of the false eye were the same as seen during local night-time hours.

Daytime MTSAT-1R shortwave IR (original and enhanced) + MTSAT-1R visible images

A similar (but less obvious) image artifact could be seen on a night-time shortwave IR image over China (below) — there was a bright white “ghost”  to the  right of the warm area that was between the two colder cloud features (again, the ghost feature was offset to the east by 16 pixels with a vertical displacement of 1-2 pixels).

Night-time MTSAT-1R 3.75 µm shortwave IR image (over China)

The exact cause of these image artifacts is not known; however, since the MTSAT-1R satellite scans from left to right using a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) array,  the satellite sensor may be overcompensating for the CCD “quantum wells” losing more charge faster than expected, subtracting more of a bias than it should (this could also be a side-effect of sensor aging). Instrument cross-talk could be another source of this type of image anomaly.

Kudos to Chris Schmidt at CIMSS for processing and analyzing these MTSAT-1R images, and supplying the explanations of possible causes of such an image artifact.